Proteins Flashcards
What differentiates proteins from carbohydrates and fats?
• A. Presence of oxygen
• B. Presence of nitrogen and sulfur
• C. Lack of hydrogen
• D. Higher energy content
B
Which of the following is not a function of proteins?
• A. Enzyme production
• B. Structural components
• C. Energy storage
• D. Transport of molecules
C
How does the body use dietary protein?
• A. It stores proteins for later use
• B. It breaks proteins into amino acids and reshapes them into functional proteins
• C. It absorbs proteins directly without modification
• D. It converts proteins into fatty acids
B
What determines the shape of a functional protein?
• A. The arrangement of amino acids dictated by mRNA
• B. The type of food consumed
• C. The presence of carbohydrates
• D. The protein’s water content
A
Why are essential amino acids important in the diet?
• A. The body cannot synthesize them in sufficient amounts
• B. They provide direct energy to muscles
• C. They regulate blood sugar levels
• D. They can be replaced by carbohydrates
A
Which protein function is responsible for immune defense?
- A. Enzymatic function
- B. Transport function
- C. Protective function
- D. Structural function
C
According to the Canadian Community Health Survey, which food group is the largest source of protein intake?
- A. Meat
- B. Dairy products
- C. Legumes
- D. Nuts & seeds
B
What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein intake?
- A. 5-15% of total calories
- B. 10-35% of total calories
- C. 20-50% of total calories
- D. 35-60% of total calories
B
How is the recommemded dietary allowance (RDS) for protein calculated?
- A. Fixed daily intake for all individuals
- B. Based on body weight (kg) x 0.8 g/day
- C. Based on body fat percentage
- D. By measuring protein levels in the bloodstream
B
Which demographic factor increased between 2004 and 2015 CCHS surveys?
- A. Smoking rate
- B. BMI
- C. Percentage of while participants
- D. Protein deficiency rate
B
Which if the following is an essential amino acid?
- A. Glycine
- B. Proline
- C. Leucine
- D. Glutamine
C
Which amino acids can be synthesized by the human body?
- A. Essential amino acids
- B. Non-essential amino acids
- C. Branched-chain amino acids
- D.Aromatic amino acids
B
Which amino acids is considered conditionally essential?
- A. Valine
- B. Histidine
- C. Glutamine
- D.Lysine
C
What determines the shape and function of a protein?
- A. The amount of protein consumed
- B. The mRNA sequence during protein synthesis
- C. The presence of carbohydrates
- D. The length of the polypeptide chain
B
What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?
- A. Hydrogen bon
- B. Peptide bond
- C. Ionic bond
- D. Disulfide bond
B
Which level of protein structure involves alpha-helics and beta-pleated sheets?
- A. Primary
- B. Secondary
- C. Tertiary
- D. Quaternary
B
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
- A. The sequence of amino acids
- B. The 3D shape of a single polypeptide
- C. The interaction between multiple polypeptides
- D.The presence of only alpha-helices
C
Which enzyme is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach for protein digestion?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Pepsin
- D.Trypsin
C
Which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes for protein digestion?
- A. Secretin
- B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- C. Insulin
- D. Glucagon
B
Which organ is responsible for the final processing of absorbed amino acids?
- A. Stomach
- B. Liver
- C. Pancreas
- D. Small Intestine
B
What is the role of brush border enzymes in protein digestion?
- A. Initiate protein digestion in the stomach
- B. Covert amino acids into glucose
- C. Complete the hydrolysis of peptidces into amino acids
- D. Activate bile salts
C
What is transamination?
- A. The removal of an amine group
- B. The transfer of an amine group to form a new amino acid
- C. The digestion of protein in the stomach
- D. The breakdown of proteins into peptides
B
What happens to ammonia (NH3) produced from deamination?
- A. It is stored in muscles for energy
- B. It is converted into urea and excreted in urine
- C. It is converted into fatty acids
- D.It is directly absorbed into the bloodstream
B
What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate?
- A. Protein synthesis exceeds breakdown
- B. Protein breakdown exceeds synthesis
- C. Equal protein intake and excretion
- D. Increased muscle hypertrophy
B
What is a complete protein?
- A. A protein source that lacks essential amino acids
- B. A protein source with all essential amino acids
- C. A protein that is hard to digest
- D. A protein derived only from plants
B
Which plants-based food group has lysine as a limiting amino acid?
- A. Legumes
- B. Nuts & Seeds
- C. Grains and cereals
C
Which protein supplement is hydrolyzed for rapid absorption?
- A. Concentrate
- B. Isolate
- C. Hydrolysate
C
What protein intake range (g/kg/day) is recommended for physically active individuals?
- A. 0.6 - 1.2 g/kg
- B. 1.4 - 2.0 g/kg
- C. 2.5 - 3.5 g/kg
- D. 3.0 - 4.5 g/kg
B
Which hormone promotes muscle protein synthesis?
- A. Cortisol
- B. Testosterone
- C. T3
B
Which protein is recommended before sleep for overnight muscle protein?
- A. Whey protein
- B. Casein protein
- C. Soy protein
- D. Pea protein
B
Which method is used to determine protein requirement by tracking labeled amino acid oxidation in breath samples?
- A. Nitrogen balance Method
- B. Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method
- C. Protein Turnover Ration
- D. Oxygen Exhalation Analysis
B
Which amino acid is key regulator of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) through the mTOR pathway?
- A. Arginine
- B. Leucine
- C. Glycine
- D.Tyrosine
B
What is the primary reason plant proteins generally have lower digestibility compared to animal proteins?
- A. Higher essential amino acid content
- B. The presence of anti-nutrients
- C. Greater bioavailability of amino acids
- D. Increased nitrogen content
B
Which of the following statements is false?
- A. The AMDR for protein is 10-35%
- B. The RDA for protein for (most) adults is 0.8 g/kg/day
- C. The RDA represents the maximum amount of protein one should consume at a given life stage
- D. Athletes require more protein
- E. The RDA stands for ‘recommended dietary allowance’
C
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. Urea is formed in the kidneys and then excreted as urine
- B. The process of transamination leads to an increase in urea production
- C. The tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein can involve more than 1 peptide chain
- D. A condensation reaction makes water and bonds one amino acid to another
- E. Protein denaturation is a permanent alteration in the primary sequence of a protein
D
Which of the following statements about proteins digestion is false?
- A. Protein digestion occurs in the stomach
- B. Throughout the digestive process, gastrin is secreted first, followed by CCK and secretin
- C. Lactose intolerance can result from an allergic reaction to small peptides in the bloodstream
- D. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin are all enzymes that break down proteins into smaller constituents and/or amino acids
- E. Chyme is acidic
C
Which if the following amino acid side chains are polar AND aromatic?
- A. Valine
- B. Phenylalanine
- C. Glutamic Acid
- D. Tyrosine
- E. Arginine
D
Which of the following statements about protein quality is false?
- A. Isoleucine and lysine are the limiting amino acids in nuts and seeds.
- B. Protein nitrogenation is a technique used by vegans to ensure they are getting enough protein every day.
- C. Some legumes can be limiting in the amino acid methionine.
- D. Soybeans are considered to be a more complete protein.
- E. Protein quality scoring system consider the digestibility and amino acids composition of protein-containing foods.
B
Which statement below is correct?
* A. Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body are called indispensable amino acids
* B. Deamination refers to the transfer of the amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form another amino acid
* C. Hydrolysis reactions form polypeptide bonds
* D. The RDA represents the daily protein intake amount (i.e., the recommended amount) that would be suitable for approximately 50% of the population
* E. None of these statements are correct
E
Which statement below is correct?
* A. Resistance exercise oxidizes a lot of protein thereby depleting the free AA pool
* B. Although, casein protein contain more EAAs and BCAAs than soy protein, soy stimulates muscle protein synthesis better than casein, acutely
* C. Lentil or pea protein intake is equivalent to whey protein at stimulating muscle protein synthesis post-exercise
* D. The combination of resistance exercise plus amino acid feeding is not better at stimulating muscle protein synthesis than resistance exercise alone
* E. Soy and whey proteins are of equivalent protein quality
B
Which statement below is incorrect?
* A. None of these statements are incorrect
* B. Older adults require more protein than younger adults
* C. Peptide bonds are formed between the amino acids of 2 amino acids
* D. High quality proteins are more easily obtained from animal sources
* E. Muscle tissue and some hormones like insulin represent an endogenous source of amino acids
E
All the following are true pertaining to protein intakes for active individuals, except?
* A. The post-exercise anabolic window is of utmost importance
* B. Protein intakes before bed may be beneficial
* C. 0.25-0.4 per kg (4-5 times per day) is the relative amount of protein recommended to be ingested at one time
* D. According to a recent meta-analysis, 1.6g per kg per day is the amount of protein that optimizes resistance exercise benefits on fat free mass
* E. 20-30g is the absolute amount of protein recommended to be ingested at one time post-exercise
A
Which of the following amino acid side chains are considered polar and negatively charged?
* A. Tyrosine
* B. Isoleucine
* C. Aspartic acid
* D. Phenylalanine
* E. Proline
C
Which of the following amino acid side chains are considered nonpolar and aromatic?
* A. Isoleucine
* B. Tryptophan
* C. Proline
* D. Aspartic acid
* E. Alanine
B
Besides protein synthesis, which below are also functions of amino acids?
* A. All are functions of amino acids
* B. Can be oxidized for energy during exercise
* C. Some can serve as gluconeogenic precursors (i.e., they can be turned into glucose)
* D. Regulation of acid base (pH) balance
* E. Regulation of fluid balance (osmotic pressure)
A
Which statement below is incorrect?
* A. Pepsin is responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach
* B. Bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas
* C. HCl denatures pepsinogen in the stomach causing it to unfold and become activated
* D. Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate into the small intestine
* E. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are activated in the small intestine and work to break down peptide bonds in chyme
In which of the following situations would someone be in the negative nitrogen balance?
* A. When you are on a hypercaloric diet
* B. Pregnancy
* C. Disease states like sepsis or cancer
* D. When you are trying to build muscle mass
* E. None of these statements are correct
