Misc. Flashcards
Which of the following enzymes initiates ethanol metabolism in the liver?
- A. Aldolase
- B. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
- C. Catalase
- D. Hexokinase
B
The MEOS system is activated during:
- A. Fasting
- B. Low alcohol intake
- C. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption
- D. High Carbohydrate diets
C
Which toxic intermediate is produced during ethanol metabolism and contributes to liver damage?
- A. Acetic acid
- B. Lactic acid
- C. Acetaldehyde
- D. NADH
C
The MEOS system is part of which cellular organelle?
- A. Mitochondria
- B. Nucleus
- C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- D. Golgi apparatus
C
Which of the following is a consequence of increased NADH:NAD+ ratio due to ethanol metabolism?
- A. Decreased lipids synthesis
- B. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
- C. Increased protein breakdown
- D. Reduced appetite
B
Which condition is most directly associated with early stages of alcohol-induced liver damage?
- A. Cirrhosis
- B. Fibrosis
- C. Fatty liver
- D. Reduced appetite
B
Women are at higher risk of alcohol-induced liver damage due to:
- A. Faster metabolism of alcohol
- B. Larger livers
- C. Lower body fat percentage
- D. Smaller liver and less body water
D
One ounce of alcohol is metabolized by the liver is approximately:
- A. 15 minutes
- B. 30 minutes
- C. 1 hour
- D. 2 hours
C
Which law underpins the concept of energy balance?
- A. Law of intertia
- B. First law of thermodynamics
- C. Law of entropy
- D. Newton’s third law
B
Which macronutrient provides the highest physiological caloric value per gram?
- A. Protein
- B. Fat
- C. Carbohydrate
- D. Fiber
B
Which component of daily energy expenditure is typically attributed to the thermic effect of food?
- A. 5 - 10%
- B. 10 - 15%
- C. 15 - 30%
- D. 30 - 50%
B
Which component of daily energy expenditure accounts for the largest proportion?
- A. Physical activity
- B. Thermic effect of food
- C. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- D. Adaptive thermogenesis
C
Adaptive thermogenesis is triggered by:
- A. Carbohydrate digestion
- B. Vitamin C deficiency
- C. Cold exposure and dietary changes
- D. High protein intake
C
Which hormone is released by white adipose tissue to signal energy sufficiency?
- A. Ghrelin
- B. Leptin
- C. Insulin
- D. CCK
B
Which hormone increases during fasting and stimulates hunger?
- A. Ghrelin
- B. Leptin
- C. Insulin
- D. Cortisol
A
The main function of CCK in appetite regulation is to:
- A. Promote hunger
- B. Decrease insulin levels
- C. Signal satiety
- D. Stimulate glucagon release
C
Which tissue stores the most glycogen for whole-body glucose regulation?
- A. Liver
- B. Brain
- C. White adipose tissue
- D. Skeletal muscle
D
Which GLUT transporter is insulin-independent and always present in the muscle membrane?
- A. GLUT2
- B. GLUT4
- C. GLUT5
- D. GLUT1
D
The primary function of insulin after a meal is to:
- A. Stimulate glycogenolysis
- B. Promote glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis
- C. Inhibit lipogenesis
- D. Stimulate glucagon release
B
What is the typical post-absorptive blood glucose level in a healthy adult?
- A. Below 3 mmol/L
- B. Around 5 mmol/L
- C. Above 8 mmol/L
- D. Between 7-10 mmol/L
B
The primary mechanism behind weight loss on a low-carb diet like Atkins is:
- A. Caloric restriction
- B. Improved digestion
- C. Increased water and ketone loss, appetite supression
- D. Increased muscle mass
C
Which phase of the Atkins diet aims to establish ketosis?
- A. Pre-maintenance
- B. Induction
- C. Maintenance
- D. Weight stabilization
B
A common side effect of low-carbohydrate diets is:
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Rash
- C. Constipation
- D. Increased appetite
C
Despite initial concerns, the Atkins diet showed improvement in:
- A. LDL cholesterol
- B. Blood pressure and triglyceride levels
- C. Vitamin B12 absorption
- D. Liver enzyme levels
B
The best strategy to manage or prevent Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is to:
- A. Increased saturated fat intake
- B. Avoid all dietary protein
- C. Limit carbohydrate intake and promote fatty acid oxidation
- D. Use high doses of insulin
C
Which statement below is incorrect?
- A. Insulin is not required for glucose to enter the brain
- B. Salivary and pancreatic alpha amylase hydrolyze alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds
- C. GLUT3 and GLUT1 are saturated with substrate with normal glycemia
- D. C6H12O6 is the formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose
B
Which below is a central nervous system effect of alcohol overconsumption?
* A. VLDL accumulation
* B. Increases lipid accumulation in the brain
* C. Steatosis
* D. Cirrhosis
* E. All options are incorrect
E
Choose the correct statement below:
* A. Bacteria in the large intestine produce vitamin K from hemicellulose, branched chain amino acids, and water soluble vitamins
* B. Hepatocytes make bile from cholesterol and long chain fatty acids
* C. Amino acids, oligosaccharides, and fatty acids be used to make cholesterol in hepatocytes and neurons
* D. Insoluble fiber can be fermented and cause flatulence
* E. The rate of HMG CoA conversion into mevalonate is inversely proportional to cellular cholesterol content
E
BMR, TEF, and adaptive thermogenesis are determinants of:
* A. Total glucose utilization
* B. Muscle metabolism
* C. Whole body energy expenditure
* D. Energy availability in the organism
* E. Ketone production
C
Which statement below is correct?
* A. PCSK9 is released when hepatic cholesterol content is low
* B. Interstitial fluid accounts for the majority of the extracellular water compartment
* C. Gastric juice contains HCl, pepsins, and mucus
* D. Intrinsic factor is produced by oxyntic cells in the duodenum
* E. Nonwater miscibility is a feature of essential amino acids
C
Choose the correct statement below
* A. Rhodopsin is formed by retinoic acids and opsin
* B. Vitamin K affects bone mineralization through calcitonin
* C. Essential amino acids are only used by skeletal muscles for protein synthesis
* D. All options are correct
* E. Excess beta carotene is stored in the subcutaneous adipose tissue
E
Which below are symptoms of hypothyroidism in an infant?
* A. Stunt growth
* B. Impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism
* C. Impaired body temperature regulation
* D. All options are correct
* E. Cretinism and impaired protein synthesis
D
What is the bomb calorimeter used for?
* A. To assess the alcohol content of processed foods
* B. To raise the temperature of 1L of water by 1 degree from 15-16 degrees Celsius
* C. To determine the fiber content in foods
* D. To measure the heat released by the combustion of foods
* E. To measure energy expenditure
B
What could cause elevation of CRH in hypothalamic areas that control food intake?
* A. Activation of the anabolic arm of the hypothalamus
* B. Energy balance
* C. Weight loss
* D. Increased energy expenditure
* E. Adipose tissue expansion
C
What could cause elevation of CRH in hypothalamic areas that control food intake?
* A. Activation of the anabolic arm of the hypothalamus
* B. Energy balance
* C. Weight loss
* D. Increased energy expenditure
* E. Adipose tissue expansion
C
What are the effects of increased insulinemia in the postprandial period?
* A. Suppression of lipolysis
* B. Activation of gluconeogenesis
* C. Increased hepatic glucose uptake
* D. Increased hunger
* E. Stimulation of protein breakdown
C
Which statement below is false?
* A. Gut bacteria produce short chain fatty acids from fermented cellulose and hemicellulose
* B. Vitamins produced by gut bacteria are absorbed in the colon
* C. Colonic cells use the majority of the short chain fatty acids produced by gut bacteria
* D. Microbes outnumber cells in the human body
* E. Gut microbiota produces acetate, propionate, and butyrate
D
“Adducts” can be formed by acetaldehyde binding to which compounds listed below?
* A. Enzymes
* B. All compounds listed form adducts
* C. Nucleotides
* D. Phospholipids
* E. Proteins
B
Which below is not a feature of ethanol?
* A. It easily crosses cell membranes because of its high solubility in lipids and water
* B. It is only hazardous to the organism if converted to acetaldehyde
* C. It is converted into acetate in the mitochondria by ALDH
* D. Induces the activity of MEOS
* E. It is converted into acetaldehyde and then into acetate in the liver
B
Which statement below is correct?
* A. According to the diet-heart hypothesis, consumption of trans-fats causes heart disease
* B. D2 and D3 require 2 hydroxylations to display vitamin D active in vivo
* C. Xeroftalmia is a symptom of vitamin deficiency
* D. Vitamin K works as an anti-clotting agent
* E. When heated, saturated fat produces more toxic aldehydes than unsaturated ones
In the absence of mitochondrial ALDH, which step of ethanol metabolism is prevented?
* A. Formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol
* B. Conversion of acetate into acetaldehyde
* C. Oxidation of ethanol derived acetate
* D. Formation of acetaldehyde by the MEOS
* E. The formation of adducts
C
Which statement below is correct?
* A. Adaptive thermogenesis refers to the ability of the organism to adjust its energy expenditure according to BMR
* B. In sedentary subjects and athletes, BMR accounts for the majority of total daily energy expenditure
* C. CCK and ghrelin are released in the postprandial and postabsorptive states, respectively
* D. Because the adipose tissue has a low metabolic rate, it cannot affect whole-body metabolic rate under basal/resting conditions
* E. All options are correct
E
Choose the correct statement below:
* A. All are correct
* B. Expansion and reduction of fat mass reduce and increase leptinemia, respectively
* C. The size of the adipose tissue does not affect whole-body energy homeostasis
* D. CRH and NPY exercise antagonistic effects on the regulation of energy homeostasis
* E. Reduced adiposity leads to activation of catabolic centers in the hypothalamus
D
