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biology year 1 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the elements proteins contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur.

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2
Q

What are the monomers making up proteins?

A

Amino acids.

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3
Q

What reaction joins and splits amino acids?

A

Joins - condensation reaction
Splits - Hydrolysis reaction

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4
Q

What is the bond joining amino acids together?

A

Peptide bond.

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5
Q

What are the different components of a polypeptide chain?

A

Left - Amine group consists of N and 2 H
Next - Carbon with hydrogen and R group attached
Right - Carboxyl group contain C double bond O and OH.

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6
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

This is the precise number and sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

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7
Q

What is the primary structure determined by?

A

The genetic code in DNA.

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8
Q

What are the bonds present in primary structure?

A

Only bond present are peptide bonds.

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9
Q

What does the primary structure determine?

A

Determines how the protein twists and folds into its final shape.

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10
Q

What happens in secondary structure?

A

The hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen atoms in the polypeptide primary structure interact to form hydrogen bonds, holding the structure in a secondary shape.

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11
Q

What shape does the hydrogen bonds in the secondary structure form?

A

Either alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets.

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12
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

-How the protein folds up into its specific 3D shape.
- Involves R-groups of different amino acids in the secondary structure interacting with each other when they are close enough to do so.

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13
Q

What are the bonds present in the tertiary structure?

A
  • Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic bonds
  • Disulphide bonds/bridges
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14
Q

Which bonds are the strongest and weakest in the tertiary structure?

A

Strongest - Disulphide bonds/bridges
Weakest - Hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

Features of a globular protein.

A
  • compact
  • water soluble
  • spherical in shape.
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16
Q

What is insulin and what are the features?

A
  • A hormone involved in regulation of blood glucose concentration.
  • soluble as hormones need to be transported in the bloodstream.
  • have specific shape due to having to fit on specific receptors on cell-surface membrane.
17
Q

What are conjugated proteins?

A

-globular proteins that contain a non-protein component known as prosthetic group.

18
Q

Features of haemoglobin.

A
  • Conjugated protein, globular protein.
  • Made from 4 polypeptide chains joined together.
  • Carries oxygen around body in red blood cells.
  • Prosthetic group is haem group. This contains iron, which oxygen binds to.
19
Q

Features of insulin.

A
  • Globular protein.
  • Made from 2 polypeptide chains joined together.
  • A hormone secreted by the pancreas. It helps to regulate the blood glucose level.
  • It is soluble - which means it can be transported in the blood to the tissues where it acts.
20
Q

Features of amylase.

A
  • Globular protein.
  • Made from one polypeptide chain twisted and folded.
  • Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch in the digestive system.
  • Secondary structure of this protein contains sections of alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets.
21
Q

Characteristics of fibrous proteins.

A
  • Not water soluble.
  • Limited range of amino acids, and have a repetitive primary structure.
22
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins.

A
  • Keratin.
  • Elastin.
  • Collagen
23
Q

Features of keratin.

A
  • Strong and fairly flexible.
  • Made from 2 parallel alpha-helices twisted around each other.
  • Contains many disulphide bridges forming strong, inflexible and insoluble materials.
    -The degree of disulphide bridges determines the flexibility- hair contains fewer bonds making it more flexible than nails, which contains more bonds.
24
Q

Features of elastin.

A
  • A fibrous protein found within elastic fibres e.g. walls of blood vessels.
  • Made up from many stretchy protein fibres called “tropoelastin”.
  • These have the ability to “stretch and recoil”.
  • When we breathe in, our alveoli stretch. When we breathe out, our alveoli recoil.
25
Q

Features of collagen.

A
  • Connective tissue found in skin, tendons, ligaments and the nervous system.
  • Made up of three polypeptides wound together in a long and strong rope- like structure,
  • Collagen has flexibility.

biology year 1 (34 decks)

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