Proteins Flashcards
What are the monomers that make up proteins?
Amino acids
What are amino acids
they are the monomers from which proteins are made
Can you draw the structure of an amino acid
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what elements are found in proteins
nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur
What bonds are found between amino acids
Peptide bond
a long chain of many amino acids is called what?
Polypeptide chain
What are the three types of groups in amino acids
- Variable group/ side chain
- Carboxyl group
- Amine group
How many amino acids are found in all organisms?
20
how do the amino acids in all organisms differ?
in their side group/chain
Anything on glycine?
The only protein that contains only one hydrogen in its side group
what is a dipeptide
consists of only two amino acids joined together
Can you draw a dipeptide?
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How is water produced in a condensation reaction between amino acids
OH is taken from carboxyl group and H is taken from amine group
What is the reverse reaction of the condensation reaction of proteins
digestion
what are the stages of protein structure?
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
Describe the primary structure.
The order or sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Describe the secondary structure
the folding of the polypeptide chain to either coil into alpha-helix or bend into a beta-pleated sheet.
where are the bonds in the secondary structure?
Between the amine group (H) and carboxyl group (OH)
Describe the tertiary structure
The further folding of the polypeptide chain to form a unique 3D shape
How many bonds are in the tertiary structure and name them?
there are three, ionic, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges (when sulfur is present, cysteine)
Describe the quaternary structure
The way the polypeptide chain and unique 3D shape are assembled together.
List the proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain
Haemoglobin, collagen, insulin
List four structure or proteins you know
Enzymes, antibodies, structural proteins and carrier proteins
Describe structure and function of enzymes
- Usually spherical in shape
- Due to the tight folding of polypeptide chains
- Soluble in water
- Catalyze metabolic reactions
List the two types of metabolic reactions
Catabolic and anabolic
Describe the structure and function of carrier proteins
these are found in the cell-surface membrane and they form a channel.
these channels transport molecules and ions across membranes.
Describe the structure and function of structural proteins
Long polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other. they are cross-linked to provide strength and support.
Examples of structural proteins
Collagen (found in structural proteins) and Keratin (found in hair and nails)
Describe the structure and function of antibodies
They are involved in the immune response. Consists of light and heavy amino acids bonded together. they have variable regions, and they vary greatly.
Proteins can be what depending on the number of peptide bonds
Dimers, trimers, and tetramers
What test are used for proteins?
Biurests test
Describe the biurets test
-The test must be alkaline so add sodium hydroxide to the food sample.
- Then add copper (ii) sulphate to the sample
- Add biurets
- If the test is positive then the sample will turn purple, if it remains blue then its negative
Describe how monomers goin to form the primary structure of protein
• Condensation reaction between amino acids
• Form peptide bonds
• Creating specific sequence/ order of amino acids
