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Biology Topic 1 > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What is the full meaning and DNA and RNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

what does deoxy mean?

A

without oxygen

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4
Q

What is the function of DNA and RNA?

A

They both are important information carrying molecules

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5
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein

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6
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Copies and transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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7
Q

Give the nucleotide structure? And what is a nucleotide?

A

• A pentose (either deoxyribose/ ribose), a nitrogen-containing organic base, and a phosphate group
• A monomer of a polynucleotide

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8
Q

Draw a nucleotide

A

Check physical flashcards to see if you got it right.

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9
Q

Draw a ribose sugar

A

Check physical flashcards to see if you got it right.

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10
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the organic bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

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11
Q

What are the components of an RNA nucleotide?

A

ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the organic bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

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12
Q

What is the bond between each nucleotide? And how is it formed

A

Phosphodiester bond: Strong covalent bonds formed via a condemnation reaction

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13
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

A DNA molecule is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains/strands held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complimentary base pairs

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14
Q

Describe the structure of an RNA molecule

A

A short, single-stranded polynucleotide chain

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15
Q

Give the 3 types of RNA

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA

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16
Q

Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?

A

messenger RNA and transfer RNA

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17
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA

A

forms ribosomes by combining with a protein

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18
Q

What is a codon

A

What Every 3 bases in the sequence code for a specific amino acid is called

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19
Q

What virus contains RNA

A

Retro viruses

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20
Q

What is the function tRNA

A

• Transfers specific amino acid to the ribosome to create a polypeptide chain
• attaches to a specific amino acid to the mRNA and this is controlled by complimentary base pairing

21
Q

How are codons and anticodons linked together?

A

through hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs

22
Q

What is mRNA? And give its function

A

•Copy of one gene from DNA
• Created in the nucleus
• Shorter so it can leave the nucleus, the length of one gene
• Short lived as it is only needed temporarily to create protein and so that enzymes won’t hydrolyse it
• To leave the nucleus and carry the copy of the genetic code of one gene to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

23
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

24
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for proteins

25
Q

Where is DNA enclosed in?

A

within a nucleus

26
Q

What is the shape of tRNA

A

A clover shape, held together by hydrogen bonds

27
Q

Multiple phosphodiester bonds form what? And what is this bond made up of?

A

• A negative sugar-phosphate backbone
• Strong covalent bonds between the sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate group

28
Q

Which bases will always be equal to each other?

A

Adenine will always be equal to thymine and guanine will always be equal to cytosine

29
Q

What do DNA molecules wrap around and why? What makes them wrap around?

A

They wrap around histone proteins because they are positively charged.
Phosphate group makes them wrap around histone proteins

30
Q

Name the people that discovered the structure of DNA

A

Watson, Crick and Rosalind Franklin

31
Q

What cells are genetically identical

A

Daughter cells

32
Q

How is the structure of DNA linked to its function (mark scheme answer)
8 marks

A

• Sugar-phosphate backbone and double helix provides stability and protects hydrogen bonds

• Long/ large molecules so it can store lots of information

• It’s helical/coiled so it can compact

• Base sequence allows information to be stored/ codes for amino acids

• Double stranded so replication can occur semi-conservatively using one strand as a template

• Complimentary base pairing so identical copies can be made

• Weak hydrogen bonds for the unzipping of two strands in a double helix during replication

• Many hydrogen bonds so it’s stable

33
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

A polymer made up of nucleotides

34
Q

What is semi- conservative replication

A

During DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule separate, and each strand is used as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. This results in the formation of two identical copies of the original double stranded molecule.

35
Q

What does semi-conservative ensure?

A

•It ensures the genetic continuity between generations of cells
• To ensure that all DNA must replicate to produce a copy for a new cell

36
Q

Describe the process of semi-conservative replication of DNA

A

STEP1: DNA helipads breaks down the hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs between the two strands which cause the double helix to unwinds

STEP2: Each separated parental DNA strand acts as a template. Free floating DNA nucleotides within the nucleus are attracted to their complimentary base pairs on the template strands of the parental DNA

STEP3: The adjacent nucleotides are joined together to form a phosphodiester bond via a condensation reaction. DNA polymerase catalysed the joining together in f adjacent nucleotides

STEP 4: The two sets of Daughter DNA (name given to a new DNA molecule) Contains one strand in f the parental (original) DNA and one newly synthesised strand

37
Q

What scientists proved the evidence of semi-conservative replication

A

Stahl and meselson

38
Q

Why is it called semi-conservative replication?

A

Half of the strands in each new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule

39
Q

What did meselson And stahl use for their experiment? And what did they hypothesise

A

• They used two isotopes of nitrogen: the lighter nitrogen N14 and heavier nitrogen N15 to make new DNA nucleotides

• Semi-conservative replication and conservative replication

40
Q

Different DNA is as a result of what?

A

Different genes

41
Q

Different DNA will have different what?

A

Base sequence

42
Q

What type of polymers are DNA and RNA

A

Polymers of neuclotides

43
Q

How many bonds form between adenine and thymine and how many bonds form between guanine and cytosine

A

• 2 bonds between thymine and adenine
• 3 bonds between guanine and cytosine

44
Q

How many differences are there between DNA and RNA

A

2 because there are differences in their monomers and in their polymers

45
Q

Where is tRNA found and give its structure

A

• Found in the cytoplasm
• Single stranded

46
Q

Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus

A

• It’s too large to leave
• At risk of being damaged by enzymes therefore destroying the genetic doe permanently

47
Q

Which 3 people discover the structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick and Rosalind Franklin

48
Q

Describe the investigation of semi-conservative replication

A

• Bacteria grown in a medium containing N14, light nitrogen will have DNA which only contains this isotope

• Bacteria grown in a medium containing N15 heavy nitrogen will have DNA which only contains this isotope

• DNA samples can be spin in a centrifuge to confirm density

49
Q

Describe the process of investigating semi-conservative replication

A

Check physical FLASHCARDS to see if you got it right

Biology Topic 1 (12 decks)

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