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Biology Topic 1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are polymers made from monosaccharides

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2
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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3
Q

What bond is formed between monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

What are the isomers of glucose and state their structure?

A

•Alpha and beta glucose
• Alpha has an hydroxyl group facing downwards
• Beta has an hydroxyl group facing upwards

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5
Q

Characteristics of Monosaccharides

A

Sweet-tasting, Crystal form, white

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6
Q

Structure of glucose and fructose?

A

Glucose is a hexose while fructose is a pentose

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7
Q

What are the main elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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8
Q

What is the reverse reaction of condensation in the body?

A

Digestion

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9
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides

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10
Q

List examples of Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, maltose and lactose

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11
Q

Which of the disaccharides is a reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

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12
Q

List the formulas of disaccharides

A

Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

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13
Q

Describe the reducing sugars test

A

• Add Benedict’s reagent to food sample
• Put in a water bath that has been brought to boil
• Wait for 5 minutes
• Wait till color changes from blue to brick-red

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14
Q

Describe the non-reducing sugars test

A

• Following the negative reducing sugars test
•Add an acid (HCL) to hydrolysis the bonds
• Add an alkali (NAOH) to neutralize the acid
• Add Benedict’s reagent and heat in a water bath that has been brought to boil
• Wait for 5 minutes
• Reaction is positive if it turns from blue to brick-red

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15
Q

What is the function of a colorimeter

A

To measure the absorption

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16
Q

How is the colorimeter set to perform its function?

A

It’s set to different wavelengths due to different size of particles.

17
Q

Which solution is reduced and which is oxidized

A

Benedict’s reagent is reduced and sugar solution is oxidized

18
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

They are formed by the condensation of many glucose units

19
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

20
Q

What is the structure of cellulose

A

• Made up of many hydrogen bonds
• Forms MICROFIBRILS
•1,4 glycosidic bonds
• amylose
• Long and unbranched
• Made from beta glucose

21
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

• Provides strength and rigidity
• Structural support
• Found in cell wall

22
Q

What is the structure of starch

A

• 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• amylose and amylopectin
• long unbranched and branched
• Made from alpha glucose

23
Q

What is the function of starch

A

• Coiled or helical to compact more glucose
• Insoluble so it does not affect water potential
• Found in plants as storage of glucose

24
Q

What is the structure of glycogen

A

• 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• long unbranched and highly branched
• Made up of alpha glucose
•Amylose and amylopectin

25
Q

Function of glycogen

A

• Coiled or helical to compact more glucose
• Found in mammals
• Storage form of glucose

26
Q

Describe the test for starch

A

• Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide to good sample
• Positive reaction is when sample turns from orange to blue-black

27
Q

Extra knowledge

A

• Carbon atoms are organic molecules
• Metabolic reactions happen in the liver

28
Q

Can you draw glucose, fructose, and galactose?

A

Search if you got the answer right

29
Q

Which of the polysaccharides are soluble and insoluble and how does it affect the cell.

A

they are all insoluble, so they do not affect water potential and prevent osmosis

30
Q

Which of the polysaccharides are soluble and insoluble and how does it affect the cell.

A

they are all insoluble, so they do not affect water potential and prevent osmosis

Biology Topic 1 (12 decks)

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