Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are polymers made from monosaccharides

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2
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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3
Q

What bond is formed between monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

What are the isomers of glucose and state their structure?

A

•Alpha and beta glucose
• Alpha has an hydroxyl group facing downwards
• Beta has an hydroxyl group facing upwards

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5
Q

Characteristics of Monosaccharides

A

Sweet-tasting, Crystal form, white

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6
Q

Structure of glucose and fructose?

A

Glucose is a hexose while fructose is a pentose

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7
Q

What are the main elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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8
Q

What is the reverse reaction of condensation in the body?

A

Digestion

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9
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides

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10
Q

List examples of Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, maltose and lactose

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11
Q

Which of the disaccharides is a reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

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12
Q

List the formulas of disaccharides

A

Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

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13
Q

Describe the reducing sugars test

A

• Add Benedict’s reagent to food sample
• Put in a water bath that has been brought to boil
• Wait for 5 minutes
• Wait till color changes from blue to brick-red

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14
Q

Describe the non-reducing sugars test

A

• Following the negative reducing sugars test
•Add an acid (HCL) to hydrolysis the bonds
• Add an alkali (NAOH) to neutralize the acid
• Add Benedict’s reagent and heat in a water bath that has been brought to boil
• Wait for 5 minutes
• Reaction is positive if it turns from blue to brick-red

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15
Q

What is the function of a colorimeter

A

To measure the absorption

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16
Q

How is the colorimeter set to perform its function?

A

It’s set to different wavelengths due to different size of particles.

17
Q

Which solution is reduced and which is oxidized

A

Benedict’s reagent is reduced and sugar solution is oxidized

18
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

They are formed by the condensation of many glucose units

19
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

20
Q

What is the structure of cellulose

A

• Made up of many hydrogen bonds
• Forms MICROFIBRILS
•1,4 glycosidic bonds
• amylose
• Long and unbranched
• Made from beta glucose

21
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

• Provides strength and rigidity
• Structural support
• Found in cell wall

22
Q

What is the structure of starch

A

• 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• amylose and amylopectin
• long unbranched and branched
• Made from alpha glucose

23
Q

What is the function of starch

A

• Coiled or helical to compact more glucose
• Insoluble so it does not affect water potential
• Found in plants as storage of glucose

24
Q

What is the structure of glycogen

A

• 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• long unbranched and highly branched
• Made up of alpha glucose
•Amylose and amylopectin

25
Function of glycogen
• Coiled or helical to compact more glucose • Found in mammals • Storage form of glucose
26
Describe the test for starch
• Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide to good sample • Positive reaction is when sample turns from orange to blue-black
27
Extra knowledge
• Carbon atoms are organic molecules • Metabolic reactions happen in the liver
28
Can you draw glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Search if you got the answer right
29
Which of the polysaccharides are soluble and insoluble and how does it affect the cell.
they are all insoluble, so they do not affect water potential and prevent osmosis
30
Which of the polysaccharides are soluble and insoluble and how does it affect the cell.
they are all insoluble, so they do not affect water potential and prevent osmosis