Proteins Flashcards
the word protein is derived from Greek word, __________ which means primary
proteios
__________ are used for body building; all the major structural and functional aspects of the body are carried out by the __________ molecules
protein
major components of proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
minor constituents of proteins
sulfur and phosphorus
all proteins are __________ of amino acids
polymers
paramount importance for biological systems
proteins
carboxy group of one amino acid reacts with amino group of another amino acid to form a __________ or __________
peptide bond or CO-NH bridge
proteins are bonded by __________
peptide bonds
proteins are made by __________ of amino acids through peptide bonds
polymerization
two amino acids are combined to form a __________
dipeptide
three amino acids form a __________
tripeptide
four amino acids will make a __________
tetrapeptide
a few (5-10) amino acids will make an __________
oligopeptide
a combination of 10-50 amino acids is __________
polypeptide
big polypeptide chains containing more than 50 amino acids are __________
proteins
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is its __________ __________
primary structure
the pancreatic hormone insulin has two polypeptide chains, A and B, and they are linked together by __________ __________
disulfide bonds (sulfur bonds)
the amino acid cysteine (Cys) has a __________ __________ as a side chain
sulfhydryl (SH) group
two sulfhydryl groups can react in the presence of __________ to form a disulfide bond
oxygen
two disulfide bonds __________ the A and B chains together, and a third helps the A chain __________ into the correct shape
connect
fold
the local folding of the polypeptide in some regions gives rise to the __________ __________ of the protein
secondary structure
the __________ and __________ are secondary structures of proteins
α-helix and β-pleated sheet
α-helix and β-pleated sheet are formed because of __________ __________ between carbonyl group and amino groups in the peptide backbone
hydrogen bonding
the hydrogen bonds in α-helix form between the __________ atom in the carbonyl group in one amino acid and another amino acid
oxygen atom
the R groups (variant groups) of the polypeptide stick out from the α-helix chain, creating __________ structure
helical structure
shape like a corkscrew or spiral staircase
helix
peptide bonds are also __________ bonds
covalent
are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
β-pleated sheet
the R groups are attached to the __________ and extend above and below the fold of the pleat
carbons
the pleated segments align __________ or __________ to each other
parallel or antiparallel
α-helix and β-pleated sheet are formed by hydrogen bonds between the partially __________ atom in the amino group and the partially __________ atom in the carbonyl group of the peptide backbone
positive nitrogen atom
negative oxygen atom