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Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

the word protein is derived from Greek word, __________ which means primary

A

proteios

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2
Q

__________ are used for body building; all the major structural and functional aspects of the body are carried out by the __________ molecules

A

protein

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3
Q

major components of proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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4
Q

minor constituents of proteins

A

sulfur and phosphorus

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5
Q

all proteins are __________ of amino acids

A

polymers

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6
Q

paramount importance for biological systems

A

proteins

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7
Q

carboxy group of one amino acid reacts with amino group of another amino acid to form a __________ or __________

A

peptide bond or CO-NH bridge

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8
Q

proteins are bonded by __________

A

peptide bonds

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9
Q

proteins are made by __________ of amino acids through peptide bonds

A

polymerization

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10
Q

two amino acids are combined to form a __________

A

dipeptide

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11
Q

three amino acids form a __________

A

tripeptide

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12
Q

four amino acids will make a __________

A

tetrapeptide

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13
Q

a few (5-10) amino acids will make an __________

A

oligopeptide

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14
Q

a combination of 10-50 amino acids is __________

A

polypeptide

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15
Q

big polypeptide chains containing more than 50 amino acids are __________

A

proteins

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16
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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17
Q

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is its __________ __________

A

primary structure

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18
Q

the pancreatic hormone insulin has two polypeptide chains, A and B, and they are linked together by __________ __________

A

disulfide bonds (sulfur bonds)

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19
Q

the amino acid cysteine (Cys) has a __________ __________ as a side chain

A

sulfhydryl (SH) group

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20
Q

two sulfhydryl groups can react in the presence of __________ to form a disulfide bond

A

oxygen

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21
Q

two disulfide bonds __________ the A and B chains together, and a third helps the A chain __________ into the correct shape

A

connect
fold

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22
Q

the local folding of the polypeptide in some regions gives rise to the __________ __________ of the protein

A

secondary structure

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23
Q

the __________ and __________ are secondary structures of proteins

A

α-helix and β-pleated sheet

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24
Q

α-helix and β-pleated sheet are formed because of __________ __________ between carbonyl group and amino groups in the peptide backbone

A

hydrogen bonding

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25
Q

the hydrogen bonds in α-helix form between the __________ atom in the carbonyl group in one amino acid and another amino acid

A

oxygen atom

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26
Q

the R groups (variant groups) of the polypeptide stick out from the α-helix chain, creating __________ structure

A

helical structure

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27
Q

shape like a corkscrew or spiral staircase

A

helix

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28
Q

peptide bonds are also __________ bonds

A

covalent

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29
Q

are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

A

β-pleated sheet

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30
Q

the R groups are attached to the __________ and extend above and below the fold of the pleat

A

carbons

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31
Q

the pleated segments align __________ or __________ to each other

A

parallel or antiparallel

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32
Q

α-helix and β-pleated sheet are formed by hydrogen bonds between the partially __________ atom in the amino group and the partially __________ atom in the carbonyl group of the peptide backbone

A

positive nitrogen atom
negative oxygen atom

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33
Q

the α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures are found in most __________ and __________ and they play an important structural role

A

globular and fibrous proteins

34
Q

the unique three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is its __________ __________

A

tertiary structure

35
Q

this structure is in part due to chemical interactions at work on the polypeptide chain

A

tertiary structure

36
Q

the tertiary structure of proteins is determined by a variety of chemical interactions (4)

A

hydrophobic interactions
ionic bonding
hydrogen bonding
disulfide linkages

37
Q

the tertiary structure contains only __________ __________ of α-helix and β-pleated sheet

38
Q

the __________ __________ consists of more than one amino acid chain

A

quaternary structure

39
Q

quaternary structure is formed through the interaction between __________

40
Q

several polypeptide chains that form quaternary structure

41
Q

the quaternary structure contains __________ __________ of α-helix and β-pleated sheet

42
Q

process that breaks down the strong links or bonds that make up the protein molecules

A

denaturation

43
Q

losing its shape without losing its primary structure is what is known as __________

A

denaturation

44
Q

the alignment of fibrous protein

45
Q

the alignment of globular protein

A

antiparallel

46
Q

bonds present in quaternary structure

A

non-covalent bonds

47
Q

proteins receive assistance in the folding process from protein helpers known as __________ that associate with the target protein during the folding process

A

chaperones

48
Q

two special and common types of proteins

A

enzymes and hormones

49
Q

catalysts in biochemical reaction and are usually complex or conjugated proteins

50
Q

each enzyme is specific for the __________ it acts on
a reactant that binds to an enzyme

51
Q

enzymes that break down their substrates

A

catabolic enzymes

52
Q

enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrates

A

anabolic enzymes

53
Q

enzymes that affect the rate of reaction

A

catalytic enzymes

54
Q

chemical-signaling molecules, usually small proteins or steroids

55
Q

secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction

56
Q

it is a protein hormone that helps to regulate the blood glucose level

57
Q

energy source protein
primarily found in the muscle tissue

58
Q

transporter and messenger
globe-like proteins
symmetrical and water soluble

59
Q

example of globular proteins

A

albumin and hemoglobin

60
Q

long protein filaments
asymmetrical and water insoluble

61
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

troponin and collagen

62
Q

are considered as simple proteins

A

globular and fibrous

63
Q

proteins that help in digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units

A

digestive enzymes

64
Q

amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin are __________

A

digestive enzymes

65
Q

proteins that carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body

A

transport proteins

66
Q

hemoglobin and albumin are __________

A

transport proteins

67
Q

proteins that construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton

A

structural proteins

68
Q

actin, tubulin, and keratin are __________

A

structural proteins

69
Q

proteins that coordinate the activity of different body systems

70
Q

insulin and thyroxine are __________

71
Q

proteins that protect the body from foreign pathogens

A

defense proteins

72
Q

immunoglobulin is an example of __________

A

defense proteins

73
Q

proteins that effect muscle contraction

A

contractile proteins

74
Q

actin and myosin are __________

A

contractile proteins

75
Q

proteins that provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seedling

A

storage proteins

76
Q

egg white (albumin) is an example of __________

A

storage proteins

77
Q

proteins involve in the transport of ions and micro molecules

A

transport proteins

78
Q

antibodies; produced by the lymphocytes in the bone marrow

A

immunoglobulins

79
Q

proteins that serve as reservoir for metal ions and amino acids

A

storage proteins

80
Q

protein and non-protein
has a non-amino acid portion which is the prosthetic group

A

conjugated proteins

81
Q

help maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure
albumin and globulin

A

plasma protein

BIOCHEM (9 decks)

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