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BIOCHEM > Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

mechanical and chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the __________

A

mouth

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2
Q

__________ or __________ crumbles the carbohydrate foods into smaller and smaller pieces

A

chewing or mastication

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3
Q

the __________ in the oral cavity secrete saliva that coats the food particles

A

salivary glands

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4
Q

saliva contains the enzyme, __________

A

salivary amylase

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5
Q

only about __________ of starches are broken down in the mouth

A

five percent

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6
Q

when carbohydrates reach the stomach __________

A

no further chemical breakdown occurs

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7
Q

the __________ is gradually expelled into the upper part of the small intestine

A

chyme

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8
Q

upon entry of the chyme into the small intestine, the pancreas releases __________

A

pancreatic juice

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9
Q

the pancreatic juice contains the enzyme, __________

A

pancreatic amylase

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10
Q

starts again the breakdown of dextrins into shorter and shorter carbohydrate chains

A

pancreatic amylase

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11
Q

breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose molecules

A

sucrase

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12
Q

breaks the bond between the two glucose units

A

maltase

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13
Q

breaks the bond between galactose and glucose

A

lactase

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14
Q

when lactase is deficient, lactose is not sufficiently broken down resulting in a condition called __________

A

lactose intolerance

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15
Q

__________ is simply transporting glucose into the blood stream

A

absorption

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16
Q

fructose is absorbed by __________

A

facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

glucose and galactose are absorbed by __________

A

actively transported

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18
Q

what is the first organ to recieve glucose, fructose, and galactose

A

liver

19
Q

[functions of the liver]
converts __________ to __________

A

galactose to glucose

20
Q

[functions of the liver]
breaks __________ into even smaller carbon-containing units

A

fructose

21
Q

[functions of the liver]
stores __________ as __________

A

glucose as glycogen

22
Q

[functions of the liver]
exports __________ back to the __________

A

glucose
blood

23
Q

glycolysis is derived from the Greek words __________ and __________

A

glykys (sweet)
lysis (splitting)

24
Q

glycolysis is also known as ___________

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

25
Q

who discovered the formation of lactic acid from pyruvate

A

Gustav Embden

26
Q

who enunciated the steps of glycolysis

A

Fritz Meyerhof

27
Q

when glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules under aerobic conditions; or lactate under anaerobic conditions, along with production of a small quantity of energy

A

glycolysis

28
Q

glucose is split into two __________ under __________; or __________ under __________, along with production of a small quantity of __________

A

3-carbon pyruvate molecules under aerobic conditions
lactate under anaerobic conditions
energy

29
Q

it is the only pathway that is taking place in all the cells of the body

A

(significance of) glycolysis

30
Q

it is the only source of energy in erythrocytes

A

glycolysis

31
Q

In strenuous exercise, when muscle tissue lacks enough energy, __________ forms the major source of energy for muscles

A

anaerobic glycolysis

32
Q

provides carbon skeleton for synthesis of non-essential amino acids as well as glycerol part of fat

A

glycolysis

33
Q

most of the reactions of the glycolytic pathway are reversible, which are also used for _________

A

gluconeogenesis

34
Q

it is when oxygen is limited or absent, pyruvate enters an __________

A

anaerobic respiration
anaerobic pathway

35
Q

in these reactions (anaerobic respiration), __________ can be converted into __________

A

pyruvate
lactic acid

36
Q

it occurs in most cells of the body when oxygen is limited, or mitochondria are absent or nonfunctional

A

anaerobic respiration

37
Q

this pathway serves to keep the pyruvate concentration low so glycolysis continues, and it oxidizes NADH into the NAD+ needed by glycolysis

A

anaerobic respiration

38
Q

in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle where additional energy is extracted or released

A

aerobic respiration

39
Q

conversion of glucose into pyruvate or lactate

A

glycolysis

40
Q

formation of glucose 6-phosphate from a non-carbohydrate source

A

gluconeogenesis

41
Q

breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

42
Q

conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage

A

glycogenesis

43
Q

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

lipogenesis

44
Q

decomposition of fats

A

lipolysis

BIOCHEM (9 decks)

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