Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Year 12 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define nucleic acids

A

Macromolecules that are involved in inherited information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is he condensation reaction

A

When two Amino acids are joined to form a dipeptide. It releases water molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the hydrolysis reaction

A

When a dipeptide is split because water is added. This occurs in digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

When a hydrogen bond occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define nucleic acids

A

Biochemical macromolecules that are involved in the transmission of inherited information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What doesDNA and RNA stand for (spelling must be right)

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers what does this mean

A

They are made up of monemers called nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four bases in DNA nucleotides

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the complementary base pair rule

A

Adenine to thymine

Guanine to cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which part of DNA has strong bonds and which have weak

A

Weak hydrogen bonds between the bases

Strong hydrogen bonds between phosphate and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s some differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single stranded DNA is double stranded
RNA contains the base uracil rather then thymine in DNA
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar RNA has ribose sugar
DNA is longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

All proteins are made up of monomers called

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the different between plants and animals with amino acids

A

Plants can manufacture all the amino acids they require

Animals must obtain a certain number of essential amino acids from their diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid and picture

A

Picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What changes in each amino acid to make them difference

A

The R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a purine

A

Larger bases they have two rings

Eg adenine and guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a pyrimidines

A

Smaller bases have one ring eg cytosine and thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define anti parallel

A

DNA chains run in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the complementary base pairing gaurantee

A

That new pieces of DNA are identical to the original

20
Q

What are the four types of protien structure

A

Primary protein structure
Secondary protein structure
Tertiary protein structure
Quaternary protein structure

21
Q

What is primary protein structure

A

A single chain of amino acids known as a polypeptide chain

22
Q

What is a secondary protein structure. And the two types

A

The way in which the polypeptide chain is folded or coiled. Contains hydrogen bonds Alpha helix-spiral
Beta pleated- zig zag shape

23
Q

What is a tertiary protein structure and example

A

When the protien has become 3D and has stronger bonds. It is a mixture of different types of secondary protein structures
Eg enzymes

24
Q

What is quaternary protein structure

A

When several different polypeptide chains are attached to eachother

25
Q

What determines how a polypeptide chain will fold up and determines the shape of the protein

A

The specific order of amino acids

26
Q

Define gene

A

The section of DNA that controls the sequence of amino acids of a specific protein or peptide

27
Q

What is the first step of gene expression called and define it

A

Transcription the process of copying DNA into messenger RNA. only occurs in the nucleus

28
Q

What are the steps of transcription

A
  1. The double strand of DNA unwinds
  2. Complementary nucleotides are brought into place by RNA polymerase and placed on RNA chain.
  3. Pre mRNA is modified (cap and poly A tail is added introns are removed)
  4. Mature RNA travels out of the nucleus through a pore into the cytoplasm
29
Q

Explain how pre mRNA is modified

A

A cap is added on the 5’ end, this protects it from enzymes
A poly-A tail is added at the 3’ end to show where the rna stops
Splicing-introns (interrupt) therefore they are cut out
-exon (excellent) therefore stay and all put together

30
Q

What are introns

A

Introns (interrupt) a repeating bases that don’t code together

31
Q

Define translation

A

The process of building a polypeptide chain from amino acids, guided by the sequence of codons on mRNA

32
Q

The steps of translation

A
  1. Initiation- mRNA connects with ribosome.
    - the first codon which codes for MET is the starting primer
  2. Elongation- mRNA is read and tRNA brings amino acids that match with RNA codons.
    - the amino attaches from the tRNA and forms a polypeptide chain. The empty tRNA is released and goes back to find more amino acids.
    • the stop codon is read(last codon on mRNA) and last amino acid is hydrolysed (no more amino acids can be added).
      - released and processed in the Golgi body
33
Q

What is a codon

A

Three bases on mRNA

34
Q

What is an anticodon

A

3 base sequence on tRNA that matches with a codon

35
Q

The process of reading the codes

A

3’ to 5’ DNA strand
Through transcription to
mRNA strand (opposites with U instead of T)
Through translation with Anti codons on tRNA
with amino acids attached

36
Q

Creating a protein from the polypeptide chain steps

A
  1. The chain is threaded through a poor in the ER membrane into the cisternal space this is where the folding of amino acids occurs
  2. Folded protein travels song er continuing structural changes
  3. At the end of the ER channel the protieons will be encased in a lipid membrane called vesicle.
    The vesicle buds off the ER and moves to Golgi body.
37
Q

Why does the protein from the ER become encased with a lipid memebrane called a vesicle

A

Therefore enzymes won’t destroy it and protects it while it goes to the Golgi apparatus for transport

38
Q

What happens to the protein in the Golgi body

A

Vesicles travel through Golgi faces where they are modified using enzymes
The final stage of packaging involves gathering the same proteins wrapped in a vesicle for bulk transport

39
Q

What’s the cis face and trans face of the Golgi body

A

Cis face-Receives vesicles from the er (closest to er)

Trans face-Ships off material in vesicles which pinch off from the Golgi body.

40
Q

What are the two types of genes

A

Structural genes and regulatory genes

41
Q

What is a structural gene

A

A gene that will be used to produce a specific protein (genes that make our body run)

42
Q

What is a regulatory gene

A

A gene that produces protein that control the action of other genes (regulate when structural genes are turned on)

43
Q

What’s the lac operon

A

Deals with lactose (lad stands for lactose)
Lac Z is a protein that breaks down lactose
Only needed if lactose is present inside prokaryotic cell

44
Q

What occurs if no lactose is present

A

The repressor protein binds to the operator and the lac Z can’t be made

Diagram in photos

45
Q

What happens when lactose is present in a prokaryotic cells

A

When lactose is present it binds repressor protein changing its shape so it releases from the operator site. EXPRESSSION ON
rna polymerase is able to form Lac Z

46
Q

What is the codon on mRNA that means start and what’s the amino acid it codes for

A

AUG is the codon

MET is the amino acid

Biology Year 12 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions