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Biology Year 12 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define dipole feature and give an example

A

Means having two charges

Eg water

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2
Q

Define polarity and an example of a molecule that has it

A

Means that it has the ability to be attracted to water molecules because they are hydrophilic Eg water

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3
Q

Water is considered to be the …… and what does this mean

A

Universal solvent.

Thi means water will dissolve a lot of products

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4
Q

Define solute

A

The substance in which is dissolved

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5
Q

Define lipid

A

A group of organic compounds with an oily, greasy or waxy consistency.

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6
Q

When are lipids soluble and insoluble

A

Soluble- in organic solvents like ethanol(alcohol)

Insoluble- in water, they are hydrophobic(water repelling)

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7
Q

Difference between fats and oils

A

Fats are solid at 20 degrees (room temp)

Oils are liquid at room temp

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8
Q

Components of a phospholipid

A 
Hydrophilic head(water loving) contains glycerol and phosphate.
Hydrophobic tail(water hating) contains fatty acid
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9
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

Semi permeable boundary of a cell separating it from its physical surroundings.

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10
Q

Functions of plasma membrane with brief explaination

A

Selective boundary- selects what enters and leaves the cell. Helps maintain internal environment.
Cell identity- glycoproteins on outer membrane able to identify cells as ‘self’ or foregin cells. Important for immune system.
Receiving external signals- receptor proteins detect signals for communication between cells.
Transport- transport proteins enable substances that can no cross the lipid bilayer

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11
Q

The name of memebrane structure and reason

A

Fluid mosaic model.

The proteins make a mosaic image and the phospholipids are fluid like on the inside.

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12
Q

Define integral proteins

A

Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. They can span the width of the plasma membrane

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13
Q

Define peripheral proteins

A

Proteins attached to the outside of the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Factors affecting ease of substances that can cross by simple diffusion

A

Molecular size- small molecules pass easily, macromolecules(v larger molecules) can not eg proteins and nucleic acid
Presence of net charge-gases eg CO2 and O2 and small uncharged molecules eg ethanol can cross. Mineral ions eg Na, Cl can not.
Solubility- lipophilic molecules cross easily, hydrophilic molecules are repelled
Direction of concentration- movement down concentration gradient can occur by diffusion

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15
Q

Define diffusion

A

The passive transport process that describes the movement of molecules from an area of high solute concentration to areas of low solute concentration.

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16
Q

When is equilibrium reached

A

Reached when the net concentration of molecules on each side of the membrane are equal

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17
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

A form of diffusion that occurs when a substance is aided across a membrane by channel proteins or carrier proteins.

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18
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

19
Q

Define isotonic

A

When the cell concentration is the same to the extra cellular environment

20
Q

Define hypotonic solution

A

When the extra cellular environment has less solute then the cell

21
Q

Define hypertonic solution

A

When the extra cellular environment has a higher concentration of solute then the cell.

22
Q

Function of channel proteins

A

Channel proteins are used passive movement of molecules that is along the concentration gradient. Can only pass water soluble molecules. Used in factilitated diffusion only

23
Q

Function of carrier proteins

A

Carrier proteins can be active or passive and can transport molecules along or against the concentration gradient. They transport both water soluble and insoluble substances. Is used in both active transport and facilitated diffusion

24
Q

Function of ribosomes and location

A

Site where proteins are made found either free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER

25
Q

Function of mitrochondria

A

The power house of the cell
Carries out cell respiration
Site of ATP production

26
Q

Function of Golgi complex

A

Responsible for transporting,modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles

27
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Associated with lipid(fat) manufacture

Detoxing harmful produce

28
Q

Function of rough ER

A

Attaches sugar groups to some proteins to form glycoproteins
Fold proteins into correct functional shape

29
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Convert light energy from sun into sugar that can be used by cells
Vital for photosynthesis

30
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Control of DNA replication during cell division

Repair genetic material

31
Q

Define active transport

A

The process of materials moving from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration using ATP and carrier proteins

32
Q

What do protein carriers realese and how?

A

Harness energy of ATP.
The transfer of engery to the protein causes a change in the shape of the proteins which “forces” the molecule to travel through the protein.

33
Q

Examples of active transport

A

Glucose protein pump- once glucose into the cell has reached equilibrium more is forced in using these

34
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Movement of materials from outside the cell to inside using engery

35
Q

3 forms of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis-engulfment of solid particles

Pinocytosis- engulfment of liquid particles

36
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Movement of material out of a cell using energy.

37
Q

Steps of exocytosis

A
  1. Vesicle with material from Golgi complex to be exported
  2. Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane
  3. Vesicle expels contents into the extra cellular fluid
38
Q

Function and structure of glycolipid

A

Function is to act as a marker for cell recognition.

Structure- lipid that has attached carbohydrate(trees coming out)

39
Q

Function and structure of glycoproteins

A

Structure-a protein molecule that has carbohydrate groups attached to outer membrane

40
Q

Define turgid and when does it happen

A

When a plant cell is hard

When it is placed in a hypotonic solution

41
Q

Define flaccid and when does it happen

A

When a plant is soft and mushy.

When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution the water exists through the process of osmosis

42
Q

What happens to an animal cell when placed in a low solute concentration

A

They swell and burst

43
Q

Factors affecting permeability

A

Size (small better)
Charge (non polar best or small polar)
Temperature(temp increase means diffuse faster

Biology Year 12 (8 decks)

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