Photosynthesis And Respiration Flashcards
What is an anabolic reaction and example
Energy is required. They build up Eg ADP (adding a phosphate) to ATP
What is a catabolic reaction and example
Release energy by breaking things down. Eg ATP (high energy bond broken and phosphate released) to form ADP
What’s an electron acceptor
Molecules that carry hydrogen ions
What’s an autrophobic organism
An organism that can produce its own food, known as a producer eg. Plants
What is a Hetroohobic organism
An organism that cannot make its own food and must ingest or absorb nutrients from its environment, known as consumers eg humans
What is the worded and chemical formauka for photosynthesis
Water+carbon dioxide—-> glucose+oxygen
Label a chloroplast
Photos
What is the light dependent phase of photosynthesis
Requires lights as an energy source and occurs in the thylakoids membrane of the chloroplast.
Inputs and outputs of light dependent phase
INPUTS -sunlight energy -water -ADP +Pi -NADP OUTPUTS -ATP -NADPH -oxygen
Steps of light dependent phase
- Chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy causes electrons to be released
- Photolysis of water splits hydrogen and oxygen
- Electron energy is used to put NADP +H forming NADPH
- Hydrogen ions are pumped through ATPsynthase and the energy is used to put ADP+Pi to form ATP
What is photolysis
The process of water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen
Light independent phases inputs and outputs
INPUTS -carbon dioxide -ATP -NADPH OUTPUTS-ADP+Pi -NADP -glucose
What is the light independent phase
Take place in the stroma and does not require light. Process known as the Calvin cycle
Steps of the light independent phase
- Carbon dioxide molecules combine with RUBP using enzyme known as rubisco. Process called carbon fixation
- ATP provides energy to the Calvin cycle. Forms ADP
- NADPH carried hydrogen ions, forms NADP and TP(first part of glucose molecule).
- Molecules from TP reaction are used to reform RUBP
- the whole cycle is repeated.
What is carbon fixation
The joining of carbon and RUBP
Lost of factors affecting rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity
Light colour
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentration
How does light colour affect rate of photosynthesis
Because chlorophyll is green it reflects green light therefore the colours most different to the colour green it absorbs the best. This is violet and red
Explain how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis
When there is no light the electron chain in the light dependent phase can not run therefore the outputs NADH and ATP can no be produced and the Calvin cycle can not run. As light intensity increase there is more amounts NAPH and ATP can being produced and the Calvin cycle can run faster. However when the rate of photosynthesis becomes constant as light intensity increases there is some of their factor other then light is now limiting photosynthesis
Describe how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis and draw graph
As light increases the rate of photosynthesis increases until it reaches a plateau and some other factor other then light is now limiting photosynthesis
Explain how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis
As photosynthesis is an enzyme driven chemical process the rate of photosynthesis is affected by temperature. This is because enzymes will “work” slower at low temperature. As temperature increases the reactant molecules are able to move faster therefore enzymes can produce faster. Above certain temperatures enzymes will be denatured and photosynthesis will stop altogether
Describe how temperatures affects photosynthesis and draw graph
As temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases until it reaches its optimum rate. After this the rate of photosynthesis declines as enzymes become denatured
Explain how carbon dioxide affects the rate of photosynthesis
As carbon dioxide is an essential input to the light independent stage without it photosynthesis can not occur. The more carbon dioxide present the quicker carbon fixation can occur and the Calvin cycle can run quicker. However at high carbon dioxide the rate of photosynthesis plateaues therefore some other factor other than carbon dioxide is limiting the rate of photosynthesis
Describe the affect carbon dioxide has on the rate of photosynthesis and draw the graph
The rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases until it reaches a plateau and some other factor other than carbon dioxide is limiting the rate of photosynthesis
Define cellular respiration
A catabolic energy yielding(making) pathway that envolves organisms breaking down to form energy rich molecules such as glucose releasing energy called ATP to be used by cells
Aerobic respiration requires
Oxygen
Anaerobic respiration requires
Does not require oxygen
What are the four stages of respiration called
Glycolysis
Transition reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
What occurs in glycolysis and location
Occurs in cytoplasm of cell, with out without oxygen present.
Involves breaking down glucose to form 2 pyruvate, 2ATP and 2 NADH
Overall adds to output of ATP
What is the transition reaction and location
Occurs in matrix of mitrocondria
Formation of acetyl coenzyme A from pyruvate, and NADH.Carbon dioxide is removed
Overall adds to carbon dioxide output
What is the kreb cycle and location
Occurs in matrix of mitrocondria
A series of reactions that begins with acetyl coenzyme A joining with another compound, that produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, FADH
overall adds to carbon dioxide and ATP outputs
What is the electron transport chain and location
Mitochondria cristae
Involves using oxygen with hydrogen ions to form water. NADH and FADH produced in other steps are used to drive a series of protein carries that move hydrogen ions to form a concentration gradient. The movement of hydrogen ions back across the membrane using ATPsynthase is where ATP is formed
What’s the overal number of ATP produced in respiration
36
What’s the worded and chemical equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water +32ATP
What is anaerobic respiration called in animals
Lactic acid fermentation
What is the process of lactic acid fermentation
- Glycolysis- breaking down code to from pyruvate and ATP
2. With oxygen present the chemical pathway converts pyruvate into lactic acid
What’s the worded equation for lactic acid fermentation
Glucose —-> lactic acid + 2ATP
What’s the process of alcoholic fermentation
1 glycolysis- breaks down glucose to form pyruvate and ATP.
2. Without oxygen present the chemical pathway converts pyruvate to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
What’s the worded equation for alcoholic fermentation
Glucose—> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP
Rate of ATP production aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
Aerobic- slower as there are many more steps
Anaerobic- faster as only glucose needs to break down
ATP yield aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
Aerobic is high as 36ATP is produced therefore it is more efficient
Anaerobic only 2 ATP is produced
Define compensation point
The point at which the rate of photosynthesis is the same as respiration.
The plant is self sustaining
Explain compensation rate
Co2 uptake p/s = CO2 production respiration
02 uptake resp= 02 production p/s
Draw a photosynthesis respiration light intensity graph and explain
Photo
How to rememeber difference between Calvin cycle and kerbs cycle
Kreb has an R for respiration
Would a plant in shaded areas have more or less grana
More therefore give greater ability to absorb available light
Evidence of endosymbiosis theory in mitrochondria and chloroplasts
Contain DNA that’s able to slef replicate, have a double membrane, have ribosomes which shows they can make own proteins
