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Biology Year 12 > Immunity And Pathogens > Flashcards

Immunity And Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

Define disease

A

Any condition that impairs any normal body functions, except those resulting from physical injury

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2
Q

What’s a non infectious disease and example

A

Diseases that cannot spread from individual to another. They are genetic and lifestyle diseases such as cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and asthma

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3
Q

What is an infectious disease and example

A

Diseases caused by another organism. Can be transmitted from one organism to another. Eg mumps, chicken pox, malaria

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4
Q

Define pathogen

A

A disease causing cellular or non cellular agent

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5
Q

What’s the difference between cellular and non cellular

A

Non cellular must have a host cell to survive in

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6
Q

What category does prions fit into and what are they examples of diseases

A

Non cellular.
Responsible for neurodegenerative diseases
Can be spread from both humans and animals and can spread to humans by infected meat
Eg mad cow disease

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7
Q

What type is bacteria and what is it and an example

A

Cellular - double stranded DNA
Release waste products like toxins which affect functions of cells
Reproduce rapidly
Eg food poisoning under 60 degrees bacteria grows

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8
Q

What type is a virus, what are they and an example

A

Non cellular- can not grow or multiply on own needs host cells to help them
Cold or flu virus target cells the respiratory or digestive tracts
Comprised of three parts, nucleic acid, protein coat and lipid membrane

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9
Q

What’s the difference between disease and infection

A

Disease occurs only after body cells or organs are damaged by infections and the symptoms are visible
Infection occurs when pathogenic bacteria, viruses or other microbes gain entry to the human body and begin to multiply

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10
Q

What is an incubation period

A

The interval between a persons exposure to a pathogen and the onset of disease symptoms in the person

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11
Q

What are entry points of pathogens

A
  • the nose and throats into ducts and tubes of the respiratory system
  • the mouth into the digestive system
  • the urethra or via genital openings into the genital tract
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12
Q

What is the major histcompatibility complex(MHC)

A

A cluster of tightly linked genes on chromosome 6 humans
They code for proteins molecules which are attached to the surface of body cells
They are sectioned into two classes to recognise own and foreign materials

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13
Q

What’s the two types of MHC antigens

A

Class 1 MHC antigens are located on the surface of virtually all human cells
Class 2 MHC antigens are restricted to macrophages and b lymphocytes

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14
Q

What is HLA

A 
Human Leucocyte (white blood cells) Antigens 
Similar to MHC antigens
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15
Q

What is the two sections of HLA

A

Class 1 antigen- located on all nucleated cells for the body. There are three groups A B C
Class 2 antigen- located on special immune cells called B and T cells.

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16
Q

What occurs in the first line of defence

A

Physical and chemical barriers are non specific defence

  • skin provides physical barrier to entry of pathogens
  • skin produces chemical secretions that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi
  • low pH
  • tears, music and saliva help wash microbes away
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17
Q

How does the second line of defence different

A

Non specific defence that is a more cellular response

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18
Q

Cellular defence in second line of defence

A

Phagocytes- cells that engulf foreign particles there’s include macrophages and granulocytes.
Natural killer cells- large white blood cells (lymphocytes) that naturally target virus infected cells and cancer cells. They release chemicals that cause the cell to lyse (leak) or cause apoptosis

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19
Q

What are defence molecules in the second line of defence (soluble molecules)

A

Cytokines- act as signalling molecules that are short lasting and tend to be localised in their action
Interferon- type of cytokine that is released only in the presence of virus infected cells that signal a viral response.
Complement proteins- group of proteins that bring about a cascade of events that end in cells being destroyed.

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20
Q

Protective responses in second line of defence

A

Inflammation- release of histamines(signalling molecules) from damaged cells cause phagocytes to be attracted to the area. Causes redness and swelling
Platelets and blood proteins- form scabs preventing blood loss
Fever-increase in temperature results in a quicker response and provides an unsuitable environment for pathogens

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21
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

Important function in the immune response occurs at lymph nodes. These become swollen and hard when fighting an infection as the lymph cells reproduce rapidly to increase numbers

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22
Q

Diagram of a lymph node

A

Photos

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23
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

As lymph passes through the nodes it traps pathogens in fibers
Macrophages destroy them or B cells may be released.
Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) which circulate parts of the body

24
Q

What is the third line of defence

A

A specific response to a type of pathogen involves the two pathways cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity

25
Q

What occurs in the cell mediate immune response

A

Everywhere a macrophage travels it can present an antigen to any T- helper cells it encounters.
The recptor on the cell is specific shape and if the antigen matches it become an active T cell. This then activated other T Cells.
The cytotoxic T cell is stimulated by the helper T cell and will search out and destroy any cells in the body that is not functioning properly
Once the infected cell is destroyed the cytotoxic and helper T cell will slowly die off because of suppressor T cells
However some still remain as memory T cells.

26
Q

How does the cytotoxic T cell know which cell is infected and an example

A

Any cell with an altered MHC self identity protein. Eg if a transplanted kidney had the wrong MHC then it will be destroyed

27
Q

What are memory T cells for

A

These cells response to the same antigen if ever presented again

28
Q

What chemical message does the macrophage release and what do they attract

A

Inter leukin 1 to attract helped T cells

29
Q

What chemical message does helper T cells release amd what do they stimulate and what’s the process called

A

Interleukin 2 stimulates cytotoxin T cells and activated B cells
Called cell mediated response

30
Q

How can the B cell recognises the antigen what’s the process called

A

Either directly from the macrophage or stimulated by interleukins from the helper T cell
Called clonal selection

31
Q

What is clonal expansion

A

Once the B cell is activated it divides through the process of mitosis to form more B cells that recognise the antigen

32
Q

What do B cells differentiate into and what’s the difference between the two

A

Plasma B cells - secrete antibodies but do not live very long
Memory B cells - remains in blood stream for months/years. When pathogen is shown again these will be activated and quickly produce plasma cells

33
Q

What is hormonal immunity

A

Can be activated by the cell mediated pathway or macrophage
B cells recognise antigen then divide to form more B cells
These cells differentiate into two types
Plasma B cells and memory B cells

34
Q

What are antibodies

A

Proteins made in response to antigens
They recognise and bind to antigens
They are highly specific and can help destroy antigens
Each antigen has at least two sites that can bind to an antigen but must be the same type

35
Q

Lable parts of an antigen

A

Photos

36
Q

What does antibody igE do

A

Responsible for allergic reactions

37
Q

Antibody response vs time graph

A

Photo

38
Q

What is the second infection shorter

A

Due to presence of b memory cells. Straight away able to produce plasma B cells

39
Q

What’s an example of a second infection

A

Immunisation or association

40
Q

What’s the difference between primary antibody response and secondary

A

Primary takes longer as the humoral and cell mediated pathway are working. The antibody response decreases when antibodies are produced
Secondary response is shorter

41
Q

What’s the difference between active and passive immunity

A

Active immunity is when B cells develop, memory cells produced and antibodies increase
Passive no B cells formed antibodies only last short amount of time

42
Q

What’s the between natural and artificial active immunity

A

Natural- get sick because of exposure to pathogen

Artificial - vaccination exposed to an altered pathogen

43
Q

Difference between natrual and artificial passive immunity

A

Natrual - antibodies passed on through mum via breast milk

Artificial- received antibodies in serums that will act directly on pathogens eg snake bite anti venom

44
Q

What’s an automotive diesease and example

A

Caused when the body immune system begins to attack the body’s own tissues.
Can be triggered by drugs or pathogens
Eg multiple scierosis

45
Q

What’s hypersensitivity and an example

A

When the immune system over reacts to an antigen or reacts to the wrong substance

Hay fever allergic reaction to air born substances such as dust, pollen and animal fur. A person becomes sensitive when they form antibodies to the the harmless substance

46
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When 95% of the population is immunised against a disease it is very unlikely that the 5% would get the disease as there is a small chance that the unvaccinated person will come across the disease and catch it

47
Q

What would happen if people don’t get vaccinated

A

People who are too young or too sick to be vaccinated or have views against them would be infected if there is a group of these all tother then an outbreak can occur

48
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies and how do they help cancer

A

Antibodies that are synthetically made by a scientist in a lab.
Uses be protein on the surface of cancer cells
Create a antibody specific to the cancer proteins and have them carry radiation or a toxin to the cell to make it die

49
Q

How is a monoclonal antibodies more effective on cancer cells

A

As the cancer cells have specific proteins the antibodies made specifically for them
Will only affect the cancer cells
This reduces chances of people becoming sick and reduces overal radiation as only cancer cells are affected

50
Q

What is an autoimmune disease

A

A disease that is caused when the body’s immune system begins to attack the body’s own tissues by producing autoantibodies

51
Q

What are triggers for the body producing autoantibodies

A

Viral infections, genetic factors, hormones or drugs are suggested to be possible triggers

52
Q

What is multiple sclerosis and how does it occur

A

A progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which the myelin insulating the nerves of the Brian and spinal cord are destroyed from autoantibodies. This cause the impulses tonne slowed or blocked

53
Q

What are symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

Numbness, lack of coordination, slurred speech, vision impairment and fatigue

54
Q

What are the steps of an allergic reaction once a person is sensitised to it and then exposed to the allergen

A

Step 1: the IgE antibodies on the mast cells recognise the allergin and bind to it, once they bind the IgE antibodies release histamine
The release of histamine results in an increase of blood flow causing redness, sneezing, itchy eyes and runny nose
Step 2: migration of more immune cells produce inflammation causing tissue damage and recruit more immune cells

55
Q

What’s an example of an immune deficiency disease

A

HIV aids

56
Q

How does HIV (aids) occur

A

Results from uncontrolled and untreated infection by HIV. The HIV targets helper T cells of the immune system, making it weaker and enables the cells to produce more and more copies of the virus as the immune system cannot fight the infection

Biology Year 12 (8 decks)

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