Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Year 12 > Cellular Signals > Flashcards

Cellular Signals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The stimulus response model

A
  • stimulus(change in environment)
  • receptor (specialised cell detects change)
  • coordination centre (brain spinal cord)
  • effector(specialised cell organ response to message)
  • response (opposite effect of the stimulus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do hormones do

A

Endocrine cells produce hormones which are Carried in the blood stream to exert a specific metabolic effect on a target cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences of hormones

A

Protien based- eg human growth protien

Lipid based hormone- pass through membrane easily eg steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are types of chemical signals

A

Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Plant regulators
Pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is signal transduction in hydrophilic, protein based hormones

A

Process where a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus to another. The chemical events are carried out by the presence of secondary messengers that will bind with specific cellular components that produce a specific response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signal reception

A

The first step of cellular communication where protein receptors bind to one signalling molecule with a specific shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cellular response

A

Effector proteins are produced be gene regulation stimulated directly by hormone or indirectly by protein hormone. The effector proteins produce cellular responses to the original external signal molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transduction pathway diagram

A

Photos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lipid soluble, hydrophobic, steroid, cell signalling process

A

Are able to pass through cell membrane. Will interact with protein receptor molecule found in cell cytoplasm. Moves from cytoplasm to nucleus where joins with DNA and gene activation process will begin protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lipid signaling process

A

Photos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does amplification mean

A

1 signal molecule to produce lots of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Step 1 of chemical signal

A

Arrival of action potential at pre synaptic neurone and causes an influx of calcium ions (facilitated diffusion) and induces vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into synapse (exocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Step 2 chemical signals

A

The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse to receptors on post synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Step 3 chemical signal

A

Neurotransmitters binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Step 4 chemical signal

A

Ion channels in the membrane open causing an influx of sodium. May or may not reach threshold to activate neural impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Step 5 of chemical signal

A

Neurotransmitters is deactivated by enzyme located on membrane. Components of neurotransmitters are reabsorbed (active transport) back into axon terminal recycled and repacked. Uses mitrocondria

17
Q

How do plant regulators differ from animal hormones

A

Plant regulators are less specific and can bring about a number of responses based on the environmental conditions.
Whereas hormones can only bring one specific response

18
Q

What are plant chemical messengers called

A

Plant regulators

19
Q

What is a pheromone

A

A chemical messenger that are produced within an organism and released to the environment. These signals are received by another organism using specific receptor cites

20
Q

What’s some types of pheromones

A

Trail phermones
Alarm pheromones
Territorial pheromones
Sex pheromones

21
Q

What is apoptosis

A

The process of programmed cell death that involved a series of biochemical events and is an example of a transduction bathway

22
Q

What is intrinsic apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death that begins within the cell.

23
Q

How does intrinsic apoptosis occur

A

Driven by the mitrochondria and involved enzymes called (capase) that destroys internal organelles and produces chemicals that attract phagocytic cells to engulf cellular parts

24
Q

What is extrinsic apoptosis

A

When an individual cell is instructed to destroy itself from an external messenger.

25
Q

When does extrinsic aptopis occur

A

If a cell does not develop correctly (cancer cells) or if there are too many of the type of cell

26
Q

How does extrinsic apoptosis occur

A

The cell recieves a “death message signal” and the message is recognised by the programmed death cell receptors on the membrane

27
Q

What is the rule for apoptosis

A

Rate of cell renewal = rate of cell death

28
Q

Cell changes in apoptosis

A

Cell shrinks
Plasma membrane forms bubbles
The nucleus and oraganelles condense and fragment
The cell breaks up, contents forms parcels
Remnants are engulfed by phagocytic cells- this prevents damage to other cells

29
Q

Examples of aptoptis

A

Dysfunctional, damaged or diseased cells- prevents a virus from replicating or spreading to other cells
Embryonic development- final shaping of body parts depends on programmed cell death of excess cells eg skin cells joining toes

30
Q

What are the 5 kinds of plant regulators

A 
Auxins
Gibberellins 
Ethylene
Cytokinins
Absisic acid
31
Q

Similarities and differences between animal hormones and plant regulators

A

Sim- organic and signaling molecules
Differences- don’t travel in general circulation, are not produced in endocrine glands, are much smaller compared to animal hormones

32
Q

Function of auxin plant hormone

A

Causes cells to elongate, and more away from the light, this causes ts to grow towards the light

33
Q

Function of gibberellins plant hormones

A

Cause growth of tissues by causing cells to get longer

34
Q

Function of cytokinins plant regulators

A

Cause growth by stimulating cells to divide by mitosis

35
Q

Eythylene plant regulators

A

Helps plants/fruits ripen and mature

Helps flowers open

36
Q

Abscisic acid plant regulators

A

Brings on dormancy eg autum leaves fall off

37
Q

Malfunction of apoptosis with cancer

A

Cancer cells can appear from too little apoptosis. Mutations present in cancer cells enable the cells to rapidly grow forming tumours, the cancer cells does not respond to normal apoptosis signal of self destruct

38
Q

Malfunction of apoptosis with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

A

Parkinson’s disease and alzheimers result form exessive cell death from apoptosis in nerve cells in the brain.

Biology Year 12 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions