protein synthesis Flashcards
for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA processes
insulin
the final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome
termination
a gene mutation where a nucletide is removed from a gene
deletion
bonds formed between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
hydrogen
unlike DNA, RNA is a ______ stranded
molecule
single
the process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule
transcription
the shape of a DNA molecule
double helix
something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species (e.g. a virus)
vector
any factor which causes a mutation is called a ________
mutagen
a gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
substitution
DNA and RNA are both types of ________ _______ (two words)
nucleic acid
if a DNA strand read GATGGCTCA, the complimentary DNA strand would read _________
CTACCGAGT
this type of RNA is used in the ribosome during protein synthesis
rRNA
the process of DNA making copies of itself
replication
the first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called ______
initiation
DNA is found in the ______ of eukaryotic cells
nucleus
many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time - this unit is called a ______
polysome
the enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription
RNA polymerase
a nitrogenous base with a double ring structure
purine
proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes
histones
the enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication
helicase
a DNA subunit made up of three components
nucleotide
the three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
this type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA
chromosomal _______ occur when entire portions
of chromosomes are removed
deletions
a change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule
mutation
a chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is “flipped”
inversion
proteins are made up of chains of _______ strung togehter (two words)
amino acids
this type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a ________
polymer
replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a _________ process because each daughter
strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA” (two words)
semi conservation
the reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called ______
translation
UV light and X rays are examples of ________ mutagens
radiation
a _______ mutation affects only one gene
gene
HPV is an example of a _______ mutagen
viral
a gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
addition
a chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transfered to another chromosome
translocation
RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in DNA called ________
uracil
a nitrogenous base with a single ring structure
pyramidine
completed proteins are sent to the ______ _______ for final processing and packaging (2 words)
golgi apparatus
benzene and dioxins are examples of _______ mutagens
chemical
a chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself
duplication
a mutagen that causes cancer is called a
carcinogen
________ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development
germinal
________ bonds form between adjoining amino acids
peptide
the number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyramidine bases according to __________’s rule
chargoff
_______ base pairing means that only A will pair with T and only G will pair with C
complimentary
the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a __________ _________ to enter the ribosome (two
words
release factor
a small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
plasmid
a ________ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered
chromosomal
addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a ________ ________where all codons
downstream of the mutation are altered
frame shift
the enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymerase
the second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called _______
elongation
if the DNA strand read GATCCTAA, the mRNA strand transcribed from it would read _______
CUAGGAUU
strong ________ bonds form between the sugar and phosphates to form the backbone of the molecule
covalent
the three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
codon
________ mutations occur in cells after birth
somatic
during transcription, the ________ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule
sense
