digestive system Flashcards
these finger-like projections increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine
villi
a lump of chewed food that moves into the stomach
bolus
these hard structures help to mechanically digest food in the mouth
teeth
this organ produces bile
liver
an enzyme which breaks the subunits of DNA and RNA into a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
nucleotidase
the inactive form of the enzyme trypsin
trypsinogen
_______ gets broken down into amino acids in the digestive system
protein
a small, finger-like projection located at the junction of the small and large intestines, which is believed to store bacteria that are important to the proper functioning of the digestive system
appendix
a small capillary of the lymphatic system, found in the villi, which absorbs fat
lacteal
an enzyme which works in the duodenum to digest maltose
maltase
_______ juice contains HI and pepsin
gastric
______ digestion is carried out by enzymes in the digestive system
chemical
_________ get digested into glycerol and fatty acids in the digestive system
fats
this substance lines the stomach to protect it from damage from the stomach contents
mucus
this substance is broken down by bile
fat
bile works to _______ fats, separating large drops into tiny droplets
emulsify
the slurry of water and partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the duodenum
chyme
the _______ duct carries bile from the gall
bladder to the duodenum
common bile
folds in the wall of the stomach
rugae
this liquid is secreted into the mouth
saliva
the _________ sphincter regulates the amount of chyme which is passed from the stomach to the duodenum
pyloric
the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
esophagus
this structure stores feces before it is eliminated
rectum
the esophagus and intestines move food along their lengths using rhythmic muscle contractions called ______
peristalsis
a hormone, secreted by the pancreas, which stimulates the liver to release stored glycogen in order to increase blood glucose levels
glucagon
this structure is responsible for the absorption of water after the digestive process is complete
large intestine
a hormone, secreted by the pancreas, which stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood by cells
insulin
a substance produced by the liver used in digestion
bile
tiny finger-like projections on the villi whch further increase the surface area of the small intestine
microvilli
a large sac in which the digestion of protein begins
stomach
a region at the back of the throat where the mouth, nasal cavity, and top of the esophagus all meet
oralpharynx
an enzyme which breaks down the disaccharide found in cow’s milk
lactase
this structure is responisble for both the digestion AND absorption of food nutrients
small intestine
an enzyme which works in the small intestine to digest peptides
peptidase
an enzyme which acts in the duodenum to break down starch
pancreatic amylase
a flap of skin which covers the internal nares (which lead to your nasal cavity) during swallowing
uvula
this organ secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine
pancreas
How many anal sphincters does the average human have?
two
carbs and protein are absorbed into the _______ system of the body
circulatory
the ______ vein takes nutrient rich blood from the capillaries surrounding the small intestine to the liver
hepatic portal
feces is eliminated through this opening in the body
anus
fats are absorbed into the _________ system of the body
lymphatic
salivary _______ breaks down starch into
maltose in the mouth
amylase
the first 25 - 30 cm of the small intestine. Much of the chemical digestion of food occurs here.
duodenum
another name for the large intestine
colon
__________ digestion is carried out by the
teeth, tongue, and stomach
mechanical
________ juice contains many enzymes,
including trypsinogen, lipase, and amylase
pancreatic
the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin
pepsinogen
the _______ sphincter prevents the backflow of material from the stomach into the esophagus
cardiac
the pancreatic ________ carries pancreatic juice to the common bile duct where the two join to empty into the duodenum
duct
an open sore on the wall of the stomach
ulcer
________ is the main substance re-absorbed by the large intestine
water
an enzyme which works in the duodenum to digest fats
lipase
this enzyme is secreted by the stomach to digest protein
pepsin
this structure stores bile
gallbladder
an enzyme which is produced by the pancreas and works to digest RNA and DNA
nuclease
an enzyme which works in the duodenum to digest protein
trypsin
this substance is broken down by saliva
starch
this substance is secreted by the stomach to break down food
acid
