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1-Chemistry Exam 4 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Replication occurs in the ___________

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is replication?

A

process inside the nucleus and involves the copying of genetic material so that the new daughter cells thus form contains the identifiable copies as their parents

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3
Q

Transcription & Translation occurs in the ______

A

RNA

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4
Q

What is replication?

A

processed inside the nucleus and involves of the genetic material so that the new daughter cell thus form contains the identicial copies as their parent cells

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5
Q

What is transcription?

A

Is processed in the cytoplasm where a segment of DNA is transcribed into RNA

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6
Q

Where do translation, transcription and replication occur?

A

Inside the cell

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7
Q

Transcription occurs in the nucleus but is process in the ______

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What catalyzes transcription of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase (enzyme)

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9
Q

What is a promoter?

A

segment of DNA where transcription beings .

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10
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA.
  • The polymerase causes unwinding of about 2 turns of the DNA helix
  • The polymerase moves along the DNA strand, temporarily unwinding and separating the two DNA strands at each stage of its movement.
  • As it moves along, at each stage it adds a new activated RNA nucleotide to the end of the newly forming RNA chain.
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11
Q

What happens the mRNA strand is complete?

A

it leaves the nucleus and heads for the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What does Uracil (RNA) bind to?

A

A (dna base)

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13
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

whereby the nucleotide sequence in mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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14
Q

What is the key regulatory step of translation?

A

whereby the nucleotide sequence in mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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15
Q

What carries out translation?

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm carry out translation

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16
Q

What is important about the small subunit of a ribosome?

A
  • The small subunit of a ribosome has a binding site for mRNA
  • The large subunit has 2 binding sites for tRNA
    - P site & A site`
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17
Q

What is important about protein synthesis?

A

Forming the peptide bond requires the expenditure of ATP so protein synthesis is energetically expensive

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18
Q

How many RNA codons are there?

A

RNA 64 codons that specify specific amino acids

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19
Q

How do the ribosomes help with translation?

A

The ribosomes via “translation” produces proteins in the cell that result from the triplet sequencing decided by DNA- codons- (delivered by mRNA)- rRNA assembles the amino acids delivered by tRNA to make various proteins

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20
Q

What are the sequences of codons?

A

Sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the termination of gene translation

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21
Q

Review the in depth components of translation?

A
  1. ) An mRNA molecule binds to the small ribosomal subunit at the mRNA binding site. A special tRNA, called initiator tRNA, binds to start codon (AUG) on mRNA, where translation begins.
  2. )The large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small ribosomal subunit-mRNA complex, creating a functional ribosome. The initiator tRNA, with its amino acid, fits into the P site of the ribosome.
  3. ) The anticodon of another tRNA with its attached amino acid pairs with the 2nd mRNA codon at the A site of the ribosome.
  4. ) A component of the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond which separates from its tRNA at the P site, and the amino acid carried by the tRNA at the A site.
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22
Q

What happens during translation after formation?

A

the t-RNA at the P site detaches from the ribosome, and the ribosome shifts the mRNA strand by one codon

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23
Q

When does protein synthesis end?

A

when the ribosome reaches a stop condon at the A site. The completed protein then detaches from the final t-RNA.

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24
Q

What happens once mRNAs enter the cytoplasm?

A

they are translated, stored for later translation, or degraded

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25
What are the end results of translation?
Proteins (GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE, EZYMATIC REACTIONS, MESSENGERS: HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, CELLULAR STRUCTURE: KERATIN, COLLOGEN, ELASTIN, ACID-BASE REGULATION (HEMOGLOBIN) , FLUID BALANCE IMMUNOLOGY, TRANSPORT AND STORE NUTRIENTS ENERGY SOURCE)
26
What is gene expression?
covers entire process from transcription in nucleus to formation of proteins in the cytosol- regulation can occur at points along the way
27
What is genetic code?
All of our cells have the genetic code (DNA) but the genetic expression is what determines a myocyte from a renal tubule
28
What are the two types of intracellular regulation?
Genetic regulation & Enzyme regulation
29
Measure of gene expression are the _______
proteins produced
30
How many base pairs lost with every time a cell divides?
Every time a cell divides, loose 30-200 base pairs from the end of the telomeres- the progressive shortening of telomeres leads to eventual cell death (aging)- can be accelerated with oxidative stress and inflammation
31
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
32
What does cancer results from?
Results from cell mutations- normally do not survive the checks and balances of cell division, growth or the immune system
33
What increases cancer?
Mutations are greatly increased with immunosuppression, ionizing radiation, environmental toxins, heredity tendencies, oncoviruses such as HPV, hepatitis, HIV, etc.
34
How does cancer kills?
by competing with normal cells: space, nutrients
35
What is pharmacogenetics?
Study of variations in human genes that are responsible for different responses to drug therapy (individual responses- single gene mutations).
36
What is an example pharmacogenetics?
[Example: malignant hyperthermia  ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1)]
37
What is pharmacogenomics?
Broader term that encompasses the whole genome and its influence on the effects of drugs
38
What is an example of pharmacogenomtics?
drug-induced alterations in gene function
39
What is overlap?
seek to explain the variability seen in drug responses and to target therapies personalized to one’s genetic makeup
40
Where does the majority of variations in DNA occur?
The majority of variations in DNA sequencing among individuals (polymorphism) appears to manifest in drug-metabolizing enzymes (P450 isoenzymes)- recognize those at risk for drug metabolism alterations
41
What are the examples of drug ,metabolizing polymorphism?
- Anesthesia: CYP 2D6 (25% of drugs including codeine and many antidepressants) - CYP 2C9 (warfarin) - CYP 3A4 (50% of meds): subjected to many inducers/inhibitors
42
What genes effect the polymorphism that codeine, dextromethorphan?
CYP2D6; decreased drug effect
43
What gene are effect and the polymorphism that ALFENTANIL?
CYP3A4; enhanced drug response
44
What gene are effect and the polymorphism that warfarin?
CYP2C9; enhanced anticoagulant effect, risk of bleeding
45
What is codeine?
a prodrug, metabolized by CYP2D6 to its active form morphine.
46
What impact does the metabolizers have on taking codeine with acetaminophen?
CYP 2D6 poor metabolizers or patients taking CYP2D6 inhibiting meds are at risk of being undermedicated for pain when taking codeine with acetaminophen
47
While ____________ are at risk for dangerously high levels of morphine after standard doses
CYP 2D6 high metabolizers (or CYP 2D6 inducing meds)
48
What enzyme is involved in opioid metabolism?
CYP3A4 is involved in opioid metabolism
49
Fentanyl and buprenorphine are metabolized _____. What would you expect to see in blood vessels?
via CYP3A4. Expect blood levels would be elevated in poor metabolizers or those receiving CYP3A4 inhibitors.
50
Methadone metabolized by _______ & _________. What is specialized for patients with the variant CYP3B6*6?
CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 (primary). Patients who are homozygous for the variant CYP3B6*6 gene required lower doses of methadone vs heterozygous or noncarriers
51
Doubling ondansetron dose ineffective in patients with high _________ ACTIVITY.
CYP 2D6/3A4 activity
52
What impact does the human genome project had for epigenetics?
Prior to Human Genome project- focus was on genetic mutations (DNA) and disease (sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hypercholesteremia, etc.)
53
What is epigenetics?
Refers to the study of heritable changes in the expression and function of genes without alterations in DNA sequence (markers that switch on/off genes)
54
The phenotype cannot always be explained by the ____
genotype
55
What is post translational modifications?
RNA- post translational modifications to account for 200K + proteins vs 26K genes (happening in the cytoplasm)
56
What is the components of RNA-posta translational modifications?
Glycosylation Phosphorylation Hydroxylation Proteolytic cleavage
57
What act as regulatory molecules (non coding RNA)
*DNA methylation, histone modifications (protein structural support of chromosomes), chromatin remodeling, and microRNAs that act as regulatory molecules (non-coding RNA)
58
What is an important idea driving interest in epigenetic inheritance?
Epigenetic inheritance of environmentally induced phenotypes. An important idea driving interest in epigenetic inheritance is whether environmentally induced changes in epigenetic status, and hence gene transcription and phenotype, can be transmitted through more than one generation”
59
What is the relationship between genes and the environment?
“Genes meet the environment” - Genotype can express in different phenotypes (plasticity)- designed to increase survival or reproductive success BUT presents a propensity for disease if response is maladaptive - Inflammatory, metabolic and cancer disorders
60
What can the environment lead to in terms of genetic expression?
Can lead to epigenetic inheritance or epigenetic carcinogenesis (Exposure to constant stress can affect the epigenetic markers and make an imprint on future genes: nutritional, oxidative, social stress, viral) -Consider role of systemic racism over generations, poverty, stress
61
Why is there a need for both genetic and genetics testing?
See the need for both genetic and epigenetic testing to better tailor therapies/perioperative risk profiling
62
What is DNA methylation?
methylation is considered to be one of the most important modifications leading to disease
63
What is involved in establishing patterns of gene expression/repression during development?
Both DNA methylation and histone modification
64
What is the structure of DNA methylation?
methyl group onto cytosine via DNA methyltransferases
65
What role does DNA methylation have in the role of epigenetic?
Role of changes/epigenetic influences on mitochondrial DNA and disease etiology
66
What is static and dynamic genomics?
Static genomics (DNA sequencing) with Dynamic genomics (large scale variability of RNA patterning and protein expression at the baseline level and in response to external stimuli)
67
What can static and dynamic genomics identify?
Identify epigenetic “biomarkers” to tailor therapies or identify those are risk for bad outcomes along with genetic biomarkers (DNA mutations)
68
What is the relationship of epigenetics and anesthesia?
Exposure to anesthesia and neuro-development (increased neuronal apoptosis in developing brains)

1-Chemistry Exam 4 (8 decks)

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