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1-Chemistry Exam 4 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Replication occurs in the ___________

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is replication?

A

process inside the nucleus and involves the copying of genetic material so that the new daughter cells thus form contains the identifiable copies as their parents

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3
Q

Transcription & Translation occurs in the ______

A

RNA

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4
Q

What is replication?

A

processed inside the nucleus and involves of the genetic material so that the new daughter cell thus form contains the identicial copies as their parent cells

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5
Q

What is transcription?

A

Is processed in the cytoplasm where a segment of DNA is transcribed into RNA

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6
Q

Where do translation, transcription and replication occur?

A

Inside the cell

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7
Q

Transcription occurs in the nucleus but is process in the ______

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What catalyzes transcription of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase (enzyme)

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9
Q

What is a promoter?

A

segment of DNA where transcription beings .

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10
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA.
  • The polymerase causes unwinding of about 2 turns of the DNA helix
  • The polymerase moves along the DNA strand, temporarily unwinding and separating the two DNA strands at each stage of its movement.
  • As it moves along, at each stage it adds a new activated RNA nucleotide to the end of the newly forming RNA chain.
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11
Q

What happens the mRNA strand is complete?

A

it leaves the nucleus and heads for the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What does Uracil (RNA) bind to?

A

A (dna base)

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13
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

whereby the nucleotide sequence in mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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14
Q

What is the key regulatory step of translation?

A

whereby the nucleotide sequence in mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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15
Q

What carries out translation?

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm carry out translation

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16
Q

What is important about the small subunit of a ribosome?

A
  • The small subunit of a ribosome has a binding site for mRNA
  • The large subunit has 2 binding sites for tRNA
    - P site & A site`
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17
Q

What is important about protein synthesis?

A

Forming the peptide bond requires the expenditure of ATP so protein synthesis is energetically expensive

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18
Q

How many RNA codons are there?

A

RNA 64 codons that specify specific amino acids

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19
Q

How do the ribosomes help with translation?

A

The ribosomes via “translation” produces proteins in the cell that result from the triplet sequencing decided by DNA- codons- (delivered by mRNA)- rRNA assembles the amino acids delivered by tRNA to make various proteins

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20
Q

What are the sequences of codons?

A

Sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the termination of gene translation

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21
Q

Review the in depth components of translation?

A
  1. ) An mRNA molecule binds to the small ribosomal subunit at the mRNA binding site. A special tRNA, called initiator tRNA, binds to start codon (AUG) on mRNA, where translation begins.
  2. )The large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small ribosomal subunit-mRNA complex, creating a functional ribosome. The initiator tRNA, with its amino acid, fits into the P site of the ribosome.
  3. ) The anticodon of another tRNA with its attached amino acid pairs with the 2nd mRNA codon at the A site of the ribosome.
  4. ) A component of the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond which separates from its tRNA at the P site, and the amino acid carried by the tRNA at the A site.
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22
Q

What happens during translation after formation?

A

the t-RNA at the P site detaches from the ribosome, and the ribosome shifts the mRNA strand by one codon

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23
Q

When does protein synthesis end?

A

when the ribosome reaches a stop condon at the A site. The completed protein then detaches from the final t-RNA.

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24
Q

What happens once mRNAs enter the cytoplasm?

A

they are translated, stored for later translation, or degraded

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25
Q

What are the end results of translation?

A

Proteins
(GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE, EZYMATIC REACTIONS, MESSENGERS: HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, CELLULAR STRUCTURE: KERATIN, COLLOGEN, ELASTIN, ACID-BASE REGULATION (HEMOGLOBIN) , FLUID BALANCE
IMMUNOLOGY, TRANSPORT AND STORE NUTRIENTS
ENERGY SOURCE)

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26
Q

What is gene expression?

A

covers entire process from transcription in nucleus to formation of proteins in the cytosol- regulation can occur at points along the way

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27
Q

What is genetic code?

A

All of our cells have the genetic code (DNA) but the genetic expression is what determines a myocyte from a renal tubule

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28
Q

What are the two types of intracellular regulation?

A

Genetic regulation & Enzyme regulation

29
Q

Measure of gene expression are the _______

A

proteins produced

30
Q

How many base pairs lost with every time a cell divides?

A

Every time a cell divides, loose 30-200 base pairs from the end of the telomeres- the progressive shortening of telomeres leads to eventual cell death (aging)- can be accelerated with oxidative stress and inflammation

31
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

32
Q

What does cancer results from?

A

Results from cell mutations- normally do not survive the checks and balances of cell division, growth or the immune system

33
Q

What increases cancer?

A

Mutations are greatly increased with immunosuppression, ionizing radiation, environmental toxins, heredity tendencies, oncoviruses such as HPV, hepatitis, HIV, etc.

34
Q

How does cancer kills?

A

by competing with normal cells: space, nutrients

35
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

Study of variations in human genes that are responsible for different responses to drug therapy (individual responses- single gene mutations).

36
Q

What is an example pharmacogenetics?

A

[Example: malignant hyperthermia ryanodine receptortype 1 (RyR1)]

37
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A

Broader term that encompasses the whole genome and its influence on the effects of drugs

38
Q

What is an example of pharmacogenomtics?

A

drug-induced alterations in gene function

39
Q

What is overlap?

A

seek to explain the variability seen in drug responses and to target therapies personalized to one’s genetic makeup

40
Q

Where does the majority of variations in DNA occur?

A

The majority of variations in DNA sequencing among individuals (polymorphism) appears to manifest in drug-metabolizing enzymes (P450 isoenzymes)- recognize those at risk for drug metabolism alterations

41
Q

What are the examples of drug ,metabolizing polymorphism?

A
  • Anesthesia: CYP 2D6 (25% of drugs including codeine and many antidepressants)
  • CYP 2C9 (warfarin)
  • CYP 3A4 (50% of meds): subjected to many inducers/inhibitors
42
Q

What genes effect the polymorphism that codeine, dextromethorphan?

A

CYP2D6; decreased drug effect

43
Q

What gene are effect and the polymorphism that ALFENTANIL?

A

CYP3A4; enhanced drug response

44
Q

What gene are effect and the polymorphism that warfarin?

A

CYP2C9; enhanced anticoagulant effect, risk of bleeding

45
Q

What is codeine?

A

a prodrug, metabolized by CYP2D6 to its active form morphine.

46
Q

What impact does the metabolizers have on taking codeine with acetaminophen?

A

CYP 2D6 poor metabolizers or patients taking CYP2D6 inhibiting meds are at risk of being undermedicated for pain when taking codeine with acetaminophen

47
Q

While ____________ are at risk for dangerously high levels of morphine after standard doses

A

CYP 2D6 high metabolizers (or CYP 2D6 inducing meds)

48
Q

What enzyme is involved in opioid metabolism?

A

CYP3A4 is involved in opioid metabolism

49
Q

Fentanyl and buprenorphine are metabolized _____. What would you expect to see in blood vessels?

A

via CYP3A4. Expect blood levels would be elevated in poor metabolizers or those receiving CYP3A4 inhibitors.

50
Q

Methadone metabolized by _______ & _________. What is specialized for patients with the variant CYP3B6*6?

A

CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 (primary). Patients who are homozygous for the variant CYP3B6*6 gene required lower doses of methadone vs heterozygous or noncarriers

51
Q

Doubling ondansetron dose ineffective in patients with high _________ ACTIVITY.

A

CYP 2D6/3A4 activity

52
Q

What impact does the human genome project had for epigenetics?

A

Prior to Human Genome project- focus was on genetic mutations (DNA) and disease (sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hypercholesteremia, etc.)

53
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Refers to the study of heritable changes in the expression and function of genes without alterations in DNA sequence (markers that switch on/off genes)

54
Q

The phenotype cannot always be explained by the ____

A

genotype

55
Q

What is post translational modifications?

A

RNA- post translational modifications to account for 200K + proteins vs 26K genes (happening in the cytoplasm)

56
Q

What is the components of RNA-posta translational modifications?

A

Glycosylation
Phosphorylation
Hydroxylation
Proteolytic cleavage

57
Q

What act as regulatory molecules (non coding RNA)

A

*DNA methylation, histone modifications (protein structural support of chromosomes), chromatin remodeling, and microRNAs that act as regulatory molecules (non-coding RNA)

58
Q

What is an important idea driving interest in epigenetic inheritance?

A

Epigeneticinheritance of environmentally inducedphenotypes. An important idea driving interest inepigeneticinheritance is whether environmentally induced changes inepigeneticstatus, and hence gene transcription andphenotype, can be transmitted through more than one generation”

59
Q

What is the relationship between genes and the environment?

A

“Genes meet the environment”

  • Genotype can express in different phenotypes (plasticity)- designed to increase survival or reproductive success BUT presents a propensity for disease if response is maladaptive
  • Inflammatory, metabolic and cancer disorders
60
Q

What can the environment lead to in terms of genetic expression?

A

Can lead to epigenetic inheritance or epigenetic carcinogenesis (Exposure to constant stress can affect the epigenetic markers and make an imprint on future genes: nutritional, oxidative, social stress, viral)
-Consider role of systemic racism over generations, poverty, stress

61
Q

Why is there a need for both genetic and genetics testing?

A

See the need for both genetic and epigenetic testing to better tailor therapies/perioperative risk profiling

62
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

methylation is considered to be one of the most important modifications leading to disease

63
Q

What is involved in establishing patterns of gene expression/repression during development?

A

Both DNA methylationandhistone modification

64
Q

What is the structure of DNA methylation?

A

methyl group onto cytosine via DNA methyltransferases

65
Q

What role does DNA methylation have in the role of epigenetic?

A

Role of changes/epigenetic influences on mitochondrial DNA and disease etiology

66
Q

What is static and dynamic genomics?

A

Static genomics (DNA sequencing) with Dynamic genomics (large scale variability of RNA patterning and protein expression at the baseline level and in response to external stimuli)

67
Q

What can static and dynamic genomics identify?

A

Identify epigenetic “biomarkers” to tailor therapies or identify those are risk for bad outcomes along with genetic biomarkers (DNA mutations)

68
Q

What is the relationship of epigenetics and anesthesia?

A

Exposure to anesthesia and neuro-development (increased neuronal apoptosis in developing brains)

1-Chemistry Exam 4 (8 decks)

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