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1-Chemistry Exam 4 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon-containing compounds (basis of biological life)

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2
Q

What is important about the structure of carbon?

A

Versatile with 4 valence electrons capable of forming single, double, triple covalent bonds

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3
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of the chemistry that occurs in living systems, and it focuses on the biomolecules that are the building blocks of living organisms

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4
Q

What are the four categories of bio molecules?

A

Organic molecules that roughly fall into four categories:

  • Carbohydrates (sugars)
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
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5
Q

What are the building blocks of living organisms?

A

biomolecules

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6
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon readily forms bonds with itself and other atoms. Straight chained, branched chained and cyclic compounds

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7
Q

What are the two main types of hydrocarbon?

A

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon (or arenes)

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8
Q

What are the three classifications for hydrocarbons? How are they classified?

A

Classified based on C-C bonds:

  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
  • Aromatic (type of cyclic bond)
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9
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons (tree-like)?

A

Short or long, single or branched to include non-aromatic rings

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10
Q

How are aliphatic carbons named?

A

Named according to bond and number of C molecules

Alkane vs alkene vs alkyne

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11
Q

What is saturated mean?

A

Alkanes: Single-bonded carbon chains with ALL available carbon bonds attached to H

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12
Q

What is the reactivity of saturated (alkanes) hydrocarbons?

A

More “stable:” fats, paraffins, gasoline (which is a mix of alkanes)

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13
Q

What is unsaturated refer to?

A

Have one or more double or triple bonds between C atoms

Ex. - alkene vs alkyne

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14
Q

What is an alkanes?

A

Saturated, all carbon atoms hold together at the highest allowed amount of hydrogen atoms. This type of bond contains all single carbon to hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated, carbon atoms do not hold the highest allowed amount of hydrogen atoms. This type of atom contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

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16
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Unsaturated, This type of bond contains at least one carbon to carbon triple bond.

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17
Q

What type of structure is methane?

A

One hydrogen-saturated carbon (CH4)

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18
Q

What type of structure is ethane?

A

Two hydrogen-saturated carbons (C2H6)

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19
Q

What type of structure is propane?

A

Three hydrogen-saturated carbon (C3H8)

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20
Q

What type of structure is butane?

A

Four hydrogen-saturated carbons (C4H10)

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21
Q

Understand how to name a basic hydrocarbon.

A

Slide 8

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22
Q

Identify the structures on PowerPoint.

A

Slide 9

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23
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)?

A

Special cyclic compounds, aromatic refers to type of bond between the C bonds (pi bonds) not odor! (although may have a pleasant odor)

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24
Q

What is an example of aromatic hydrocarbons? Why?

A

Benzene has alternating double-bond carbons in a 6-ring structure

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25
Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes ) are __________.
Unsaturated
26
Is cyclohexane an aromatic hydrocarbon (arenes)?
Compare to nonaromatic- ringed compounds or alicyclic
27
What are characteristic properties of benzenes (C6H6)?
Unsaturated. Colorless, flammable, sweet-smelling. lipophilic (cross cell membranes)
28
Why are benzenes important?
Provides the basis for many compounds.
29
What are functional groups?
Functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound
30
What makes a hydrocarbon more reactive?
Saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons missing H’s become more reactive
31
What are alkyls?
Saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons missing H’s become more reactive: H removed from alkanes
32
What are examples of alkyls (4)?
Methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl
33
What are aryls?
Saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons missing H’s become more reactive: Cyclic hydrocarbons missing H’s are also very reactive.
34
What is an example of a aryl?
Phenyl
35
Functional groups confer the characteristic _______ and _________ of the compounds that contain them
chemical and physical properties
36
What is the characteristic structure of functional groups?
Groups of chemicals attached attached to C in place of H atoms and tend to be hydrophilic
37
Why are functional groups important?
Play a significant role in directing and controlling organic reactions
38
What is an organic compound?
viewed as a backbone (skeleton) other groups of atoms, functional groups, attached at various points
39
A molecule containing several functional groups displays reactions that represents the sum of the reactions of each _______.
functional group
40
What are amines derived from?
ammonia (NH3)
41
What is the structural characteristics of amines?
Single nitrogen molecule is characteristic. | N-R3- only 1-2 or the R groups may be H. Lone pair of e- on N.
42
What are the examples of amines (3)?
Found in many compounds. Just a few examples: form part of amino acids, biological amines (epinephrine, norepi, dopamine, serotonin), alkaloid narcotics
43
What are the different types of amines?
Can be primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary (will determine how they works as drugs)
44
What are the characteristic structure of alcohols?
General R-OH formula (R is an alkyl group). The hydroxyl group (OH) higher polar and forms H-bonds with other polar molecules.
45
What effects the solubility of alcohols?
Easily dissolve other polar compounds (solubility dependent on length of alkyl chain: methanol vs octanol).
46
What types of alcohols are there? Why?
They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on how many carbon atoms the central carbon is attached to.
47
Alcohols: structure R is an ______ group
alkyl
48
What are phenols?
An OH group bonded to an aromatic ring (benzene)
49
What is the difference between phenol and phenyl?
“Aromatic alcohol”. The key difference between phenol and phenyl is that phenol has a hydroxyl group whereas phenyl has no hydroxyl group
50
What impact does the OH group have on phenols?
adds stability and thus less reactivity than a phenyl
51
What are phenols examples (4)?
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol); also used in antiseptics, disinfectants, various oropharyngeal agents (Chloraseptic, lozenges)
52
What is the structure of propofol?
Two isopropyl groups positioned on each side of a hydroxyl group in the ortho position on a phenol ring
53
Where is the phenyl group commonly seen?
IV anesthetics
54
What is the structure of ethers?
General formula ROR’ where the R-groups are alkyls or aryls attached by oxygen.
55
What is important about the ethers?
Inert in that they do not oxidize but highly flammable
56
What do many ethers form the basis of?
inhaled anesthetic (halogenated ethers; alkyl halides)
57
What impact does halogenation have on ethers?
decreases the flammability
58
What are examples of halogenated ethers (4)?
isoflurane, sevoflurane, halothane, desflurane (enflurane).
59
What is the structure of carbonyl groups?
carbon double bonded to oxygen
60
What is the carbonyl group the basis of?
Provides the basis for certain compounds such as polar compounds (oxygen being more electrically negative)
61
What are the different types of carbonyl groups (2)?
Aldehydes & Ketones
62
What are aldehydes? What is an example?
reactive, generally toxic to the body (example: formaldehyde)
63
How can aldehydes form?
Can be formed as a by-product by various endogenous processes with fat/carb/protein/drug metabolism, liver disease (unable to detoxify).
64
What is another example of aldehydes?
Acetaldehyde results from the metabolism of ethanol. Antabuse (disulfiram) blocks the metabolism of acetaldehyde. Those with less enzyme (Asian): disulfiram reaction to drinking ethanol.
65
What is ketones?
Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, acetone, acetoacetic acid
66
What is acyl group?
the R—C=O group- derived from carbonyl group (alkyl is the functional group)
67
What are examples of acyl group?
Esters, ketones, aldehydes and amides all contain the acyl group
68
What are acetyls?
Are a form of acyls which ONLY methyl single-bounded to a carbonyl
69
What is acetylcholine
Form of acyls groups- but it is a acetyls which means that ONLY methyl single-bounded to a carbonyl
70
What is carboxylic acids?
Basis of many acids including fatty acids, ketoacids, amino acids, acetic acid, formic acid
71
How is carboxylic acids formed?
formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols (OH to a single alkyl group- forms a carboxyl group) or aldehydes CnH2n+1COOH
72
What are two examples of carbonyl compounds that are described as carboxylic acid derivatives?
Esters & Amides
73
What is the basis of esters?
Ester local anesthetics, fatty acids; smell of ripe bananas): derive from carboxylic acid and alcohols
74
What is the basis of amides?
amide local anesthetics- more stable in reactions
75
What makes up the basic structure of local anesthetics (3) ?
1) Benzene ring 2) Ester or Amide intermediate chain 3) Quaternary amine (Hydrophilic)
76
Ester vs. Ether: What is needed for an ester to complete its characteristic structure?
An ester group needs to carbon atoms and two oxygen atoms to be complete
77
Ester vs. Ether: What is needed for an ether to complete its characteristic structure?
An ether group needs only one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms for its structure to be complete
78
Ester vs. Ether: What is the polarity of esters?
Esters have a carbonyl group and hence is easily polarizable
79
Ester vs. Ether: What is the polarity of ETHER?
Ethers do not have a carbonyl group
80
Ester vs. Ether: What is the naming requirements for ester?
Esters end with a suffic "ate" according to the rules of naming compounds
81
Ester vs. Ether: What is the naming requirements for Ether?
Ethers are named as alkoxyalkanes
82
What are esters derived from?
Derived from carboxylic acids
83
What are ethers derived from?
Derived from alcohols
84
What is important about the geometric structure of ester?
It is not possible for esters to have symmetrical structures, due to the presence of carbonyl groups
85
What is important about the geometric structure of ethers?
if both alkyl groups on either side of the oxygen atom in an ether group are similar the structure is symmetrical
86
Amines and amides both contain ________
Nitrogen (N)
87
Amines vs amides: What is an amine?
Amine is an organic compound related to ammonia, that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups on each molecule
88
Amines vs amides; What is amide?
an amide is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl groups bonded to nitrogen atom
89
Alkyl vs. Aryl: What is the term alkyl refer to?
The term alkyl is used to name a functional group derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom or to name the chemical compounds containing this functional group
90
Alkyl vs. Aryl: What is the term aryl refer to?
The term aryl is used to name a functional group derived from aromatic rings by removal of one hydrogen atom or name the chemical compounds containing this functional group
91
Alkyl groups are ________
aliphatic
92
Aryl groups are ________
aromatic
93
What types of alkyl groups can there be?
Can be linear, branched or cyclic structures
94
What types of aryl groups can there be?
essentially cyclic structures
95
What are alkyl groups derived from?
Alkanes
96
What are aryl groups derived from?
Aromatic rings
97
Alkyl groups are ________ functional groups
Saturated
98
Aryl groups are ________ functional groups
unsaturated functional groups
99
What is the reactivity of alkyl groups?
Comparatively less stable
100
What is the reactivity of aryl groups?
comparatively more stable

1-Chemistry Exam 4 (8 decks)

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