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1-Chemistry Exam 4 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon-containing compounds (basis of biological life)

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2
Q

What is important about the structure of carbon?

A

Versatile with 4 valence electrons capable of forming single, double, triple covalent bonds

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3
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of the chemistry that occurs in living systems, and it focuses on the biomolecules that are the building blocks of living organisms

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4
Q

What are the four categories of bio molecules?

A

Organic molecules that roughly fall into four categories:

  • Carbohydrates (sugars)
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
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5
Q

What are the building blocks of living organisms?

A

biomolecules

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6
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon readily forms bonds with itself and other atoms. Straight chained, branched chained and cyclic compounds

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7
Q

What are the two main types of hydrocarbon?

A

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon (or arenes)

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8
Q

What are the three classifications for hydrocarbons? How are they classified?

A

Classified based on C-C bonds:

  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
  • Aromatic (type of cyclic bond)
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9
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons (tree-like)?

A

Short or long, single or branched to include non-aromatic rings

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10
Q

How are aliphatic carbons named?

A

Named according to bond and number of C molecules

Alkane vs alkene vs alkyne

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11
Q

What is saturated mean?

A

Alkanes: Single-bonded carbon chains with ALL available carbon bonds attached to H

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12
Q

What is the reactivity of saturated (alkanes) hydrocarbons?

A

More “stable:” fats, paraffins, gasoline (which is a mix of alkanes)

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13
Q

What is unsaturated refer to?

A

Have one or more double or triple bonds between C atoms

Ex. - alkene vs alkyne

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14
Q

What is an alkanes?

A

Saturated, all carbon atoms hold together at the highest allowed amount of hydrogen atoms. This type of bond contains all single carbon to hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated, carbon atoms do not hold the highest allowed amount of hydrogen atoms. This type of atom contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

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16
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Unsaturated, This type of bond contains at least one carbon to carbon triple bond.

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17
Q

What type of structure is methane?

A

One hydrogen-saturated carbon (CH4)

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18
Q

What type of structure is ethane?

A

Two hydrogen-saturated carbons (C2H6)

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19
Q

What type of structure is propane?

A

Three hydrogen-saturated carbon (C3H8)

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20
Q

What type of structure is butane?

A

Four hydrogen-saturated carbons (C4H10)

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21
Q

Understand how to name a basic hydrocarbon.

A

Slide 8

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22
Q

Identify the structures on PowerPoint.

A

Slide 9

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23
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)?

A

Special cyclic compounds, aromatic refers to type of bond between the C bonds (pi bonds) not odor! (although may have a pleasant odor)

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24
Q

What is an example of aromatic hydrocarbons? Why?

A

Benzene has alternating double-bond carbons in a 6-ring structure

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25
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes ) are __________.

A

Unsaturated

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26
Q

Is cyclohexane an aromatic hydrocarbon (arenes)?

A

Compare to nonaromatic- ringed compounds or alicyclic

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27
Q

What are characteristic properties of benzenes (C6H6)?

A

Unsaturated. Colorless, flammable, sweet-smelling. lipophilic (cross cell membranes)

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28
Q

Why are benzenes important?

A

Provides the basis for many compounds.

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29
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound

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30
Q

What makes a hydrocarbon more reactive?

A

Saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons missing H’s become more reactive

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31
Q

What are alkyls?

A

Saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons missing H’s become more reactive: H removed from alkanes

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32
Q

What are examples of alkyls (4)?

A

Methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl

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33
Q

What are aryls?

A

Saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons missing H’s become more reactive: Cyclic hydrocarbons missing H’s are also very reactive.

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34
Q

What is an example of a aryl?

A

Phenyl

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35
Q

Functional groups confer the characteristic _______ and _________ of the compounds that contain them

A

chemical and physical properties

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36
Q

What is the characteristic structure of functional groups?

A

Groups of chemicals attached attached to C in place of H atoms and tend to be hydrophilic

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37
Q

Why are functional groups important?

A

Play a significant role in directing and controlling organic reactions

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38
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

viewed as a backbone (skeleton) other groups of atoms, functional groups, attached at various points

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39
Q

A molecule containing several functional groups displays reactions that represents the sum of the reactions of each _______.

A

functional group

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40
Q

What are amines derived from?

A

ammonia (NH3)

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41
Q

What is the structural characteristics of amines?

A

Single nitrogen molecule is characteristic.

N-R3- only 1-2 or the R groups may be H. Lone pair of e- on N.

42
Q

What are the examples of amines (3)?

A

Found in many compounds.
Just a few examples: form part of amino acids, biological amines (epinephrine, norepi, dopamine, serotonin), alkaloid narcotics

43
Q

What are the different types of amines?

A

Can be primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary (will determine how they works as drugs)

44
Q

What are the characteristic structure of alcohols?

A

General R-OH formula (R is an alkyl group). The hydroxyl group (OH) higher polar and forms H-bonds with other polar molecules.

45
Q

What effects the solubility of alcohols?

A

Easily dissolve other polar compounds (solubility dependent on length of alkyl chain: methanol vs octanol).

46
Q

What types of alcohols are there? Why?

A

They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on how many carbon atoms the central carbon is attached to.

47
Q

Alcohols: structure R is an ______ group

A

alkyl

48
Q

What are phenols?

A

An OH group bonded to an aromatic ring (benzene)

49
Q

What is the difference between phenol and phenyl?

A

“Aromatic alcohol”. The key difference between phenol and phenyl is thatphenol has a hydroxyl group whereas phenyl has no hydroxyl group

50
Q

What impact does the OH group have on phenols?

A

adds stability and thus less reactivity than a phenyl

51
Q

What are phenols examples (4)?

A

Propofol(2,6-diisopropylphenol); also used in antiseptics, disinfectants, various oropharyngeal agents (Chloraseptic, lozenges)

52
Q

What is the structure of propofol?

A

Two isopropyl groups positioned on each side of a hydroxyl group in the ortho position on a phenol ring

53
Q

Where is the phenyl group commonly seen?

A

IV anesthetics

54
Q

What is the structure of ethers?

A

General formula ROR’ where the R-groups are alkyls or aryls attached by oxygen.

55
Q

What is important about the ethers?

A

Inert in that they do not oxidize but highly flammable

56
Q

What do many ethers form the basis of?

A

inhaled anesthetic (halogenated ethers; alkyl halides)

57
Q

What impact does halogenation have on ethers?

A

decreases the flammability

58
Q

What are examples of halogenated ethers (4)?

A

isoflurane, sevoflurane, halothane, desflurane (enflurane).

59
Q

What is the structure of carbonyl groups?

A

carbon double bonded to oxygen

60
Q

What is the carbonyl group the basis of?

A

Provides the basis for certain compounds such as polar compounds (oxygen being more electrically negative)

61
Q

What are the different types of carbonyl groups (2)?

A

Aldehydes & Ketones

62
Q

What are aldehydes? What is an example?

A

reactive, generally toxic to the body (example: formaldehyde)

63
Q

How can aldehydes form?

A

Can be formed as a by-product by various endogenous processes with fat/carb/protein/drug metabolism, liver disease (unable to detoxify).

64
Q

What is another example of aldehydes?

A

Acetaldehyde results from the metabolism of ethanol. Antabuse(disulfiram)blocks the metabolism of acetaldehyde. Those with less enzyme (Asian): disulfiram reaction to drinking ethanol.

65
Q

What is ketones?

A

Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, acetone, acetoacetic acid

66
Q

What is acyl group?

A

the R—C=O group- derived from carbonyl group (alkyl is the functional group)

67
Q

What are examples of acyl group?

A

Esters,ketones, aldehydes andamidesall contain the acyl group

68
Q

What are acetyls?

A

Are a form of acyls which ONLY methyl single-bounded to a carbonyl

69
Q

What is acetylcholine

A

Form of acyls groups- but it is a acetyls which means that ONLY methyl single-bounded to a carbonyl

70
Q

What is carboxylic acids?

A

Basis of many acids including fatty acids, ketoacids, amino acids, acetic acid, formic acid

71
Q

How is carboxylic acids formed?

A

formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols (OH to a single alkyl group- forms a carboxyl group) or aldehydes

CnH2n+1COOH

72
Q

What are two examples of carbonyl compounds that are described as carboxylic acid derivatives?

A

Esters & Amides

73
Q

What is the basis of esters?

A

Ester local anesthetics, fatty acids; smell of ripe bananas): derive from carboxylic acid and alcohols

74
Q

What is the basis of amides?

A

amide local anesthetics- more stable in reactions

75
Q

What makes up the basic structure of local anesthetics (3) ?

A

1) Benzene ring
2) Ester or Amide intermediate chain
3) Quaternary amine (Hydrophilic)

76
Q

Ester vs. Ether: What is needed for an ester to complete its characteristic structure?

A

An ester group needs to carbon atoms and two oxygen atoms to be complete

77
Q

Ester vs. Ether: What is needed for an ether to complete its characteristic structure?

A

An ether group needs only one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms for its structure to be complete

78
Q

Ester vs. Ether: What is the polarity of esters?

A

Esters have a carbonyl group and hence is easily polarizable

79
Q

Ester vs. Ether: What is the polarity of ETHER?

A

Ethers do not have a carbonyl group

80
Q

Ester vs. Ether: What is the naming requirements for ester?

A

Esters end with a suffic “ate” according to the rules of naming compounds

81
Q

Ester vs. Ether: What is the naming requirements for Ether?

A

Ethers are named as alkoxyalkanes

82
Q

What are esters derived from?

A

Derived from carboxylic acids

83
Q

What are ethers derived from?

A

Derived from alcohols

84
Q

What is important about the geometric structure of ester?

A

It is not possible for esters to have symmetrical structures, due to the presence of carbonyl groups

85
Q

What is important about the geometric structure of ethers?

A

if both alkyl groups on either side of the oxygen atom in an ether group are similar the structure is symmetrical

86
Q

Amines and amides both contain ________

A

Nitrogen (N)

87
Q

Amines vs amides: What is an amine?

A

Amine is an organic compound related to ammonia, that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups on each molecule

88
Q

Amines vs amides; What is amide?

A

an amide is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl groups bonded to nitrogen atom

89
Q

Alkyl vs. Aryl: What is the term alkyl refer to?

A

The term alkyl is used to name a functional group derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom or to name the chemical compounds containing this functional group

90
Q

Alkyl vs. Aryl: What is the term aryl refer to?

A

The term aryl is used to name a functional group derived from aromatic rings by removal of one hydrogen atom or name the chemical compounds containing this functional group

91
Q

Alkyl groups are ________

A

aliphatic

92
Q

Aryl groups are ________

A

aromatic

93
Q

What types of alkyl groups can there be?

A

Can be linear, branched or cyclic structures

94
Q

What types of aryl groups can there be?

A

essentially cyclic structures

95
Q

What are alkyl groups derived from?

A

Alkanes

96
Q

What are aryl groups derived from?

A

Aromatic rings

97
Q

Alkyl groups are ________ functional groups

A

Saturated

98
Q

Aryl groups are ________ functional groups

A

unsaturated functional groups

99
Q

What is the reactivity of alkyl groups?

A

Comparatively less stable

100
Q

What is the reactivity of aryl groups?

A

comparatively more stable

1-Chemistry Exam 4 (8 decks)

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