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1-Chemistry Exam 4 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Mendel (1865)?

A

Documents patterns of heredity in pea plants

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2
Q

Who is McClintock (1931)?

A

Demonstrates genetic recombination

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3
Q

Who is McLeod and McCarty (1944)?

A

Show that DNA is the transforming principle responsible for heredity

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4
Q

What is watson & crick?

A

Propose the double helix structure of DNA

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5
Q

What are the primary structure of proteins?

A

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain.

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6
Q

Why is the structure of proteins important?

A

The primary structure is important because it is the sequence of amino acids that determines the higher levels of protein structure and, consequently, the function of the protein.

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7
Q

How can small changes effect proteins?

A

Small changes in the primary structure can cause a protein to be completely nonfunctional.

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8
Q

What is the total number or proteins?

A

produced by various cells estimated 100,000

  • Include structural proteins, majority of proteins are enzymes
  • Where the majority of our body’s energy is spent
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9
Q

How many genes are in each cell?

A

Approx. 30,000 different

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10
Q

What does protein synthesis determine?

A

Determine the physical and chemical characteristic of cells and organisms

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11
Q

What are proteome?

A

all of an organism’s proteins

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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that contains enough information to make 1 protein

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13
Q

What are the different types of gene expression?

A

Transcribed (copied) and translated

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14
Q

What is genetic?

A

is a branch ofbiologyconcerned with the study ofgenes,genetic variation, andheredityinorganisms (wiki)

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15
Q

What are the basic physical and function unit of heredity?

A

Genes-made of DNA

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16
Q

What do genes provide?

A

instruction (code) to cells to dictate their function (protein synthesis) although many genes do not code for protein

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17
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

that humans have btn 20-25K genes

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18
Q

What is CRISPER technology?

A

Genetic manipulation via CRISPR technology (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-when we go in personally and start cutting and copy genes it raises positive and negative questions

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19
Q

Where do we inherit genes?

A

We inherent a copy from each parent parent, and we all have similar genes (less than 1% variation among us)

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20
Q

What is an allele?

A

is the same gene with slight variation in its DNA sequencing that code for protein- what gives us our individual differences, and sometimes the genesis of disease

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21
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Located in the cell nucleus, each chromosome is made of a single “thread-like” molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled.

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22
Q

What is chromatin?

A

is the DNA threads and the backbone protein is histone.

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23
Q

How many pairs are in human diploid?

A

Each human diploid cell has 23 pairs (versus haploid cells)

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24
Q

Describe the big characteristics of genetics.

A

Chromosome- chromatin, nucleosomes -histones to DNA Helix

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25
What are genes responsible for?
protein coding
26
What is mitosis?
genetical same daughter cells and are all other then sex cells
27
What is meiosis?
sex cells
28
What is genotype?
What you cant see
29
What is phenotype?
Is the expressed portion
30
What are the characteristics of genotype (5)?
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organisms - can be determined by observing DNA by genotyping methods - Completely depends on the gene sequences - Inherited by the offspring - Consists of all hereditary information that is the expressed and suppressed genes
31
What are the chacteristics of phenotype?
- phenotype is the morphology, properties and behavior of an organism - can be determined by observing outward character - depends on the genotype and environmental factors - not inherited by the offspring - consists of expressed genes
32
What is the Monomeric unit of nucleic acids (building blocks)
Nucleotide
33
What are the basic structure of DNA?
1 molecule of phosphoric acid, 1 molecule of deoxyribose, & one of the 4 nitrogenous bases to form an acidic nucleotide.
34
What are the 4 bases of DNA?
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
35
*Cytosine (C) is always paired with _______.
Guanine (G)
36
*Thymine (T) is always paired with ________..
Adenine (A)
37
What are the 2 categories of DNA?
the two strands are loosely held together by their purine and pyrimidine bases with hydrogen bonds
38
What is phosphorus solved in?
ATP production
39
What is the structure of DNA?
- ‘Like a ladder’ - The sides of the ladder are formed by the phosphate sugar ‘backbone’ - Alternating phosphoric acid & deoxyribose molecules
40
What determines the helical shape of DNA?
- The rungs of the ladder are formed by the nitrogenous bases - The shape of the deoxyribose units forces the double strand into a helical shape
41
What is important about the DNA strands?
The two strands can pull apart with ease and often do
42
What is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)?
responsible for genetic diversity amongst us & implicated in disease
43
What is characteristics of SNP?
- Nucleotide variation(s) with a gene - Single base change within DNA (accounts for 90+% of the total variation among the population) - Think: grey vs gray (same meaning with no change in language- both commonly expressed)
44
SNPs: A _______ is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
gene mutation
45
What are base pairs?
The nucleotides attach to each other to form chemical bonds called base pairs, connecting the two DNA strands.
46
What is the role of genes and DNA?
are short pieces of DNA that carry specific genetic information.
47
If a SNP occurs within a gene, then that gene is described as having _______.
1+ alleles. There can be normal alleles within a population (variant forms of a gene at a specific locus on a chromosome): polymorphism
48
What is polymorphism?
is DNA sequence variation that is NORMAL within a population (occurs > 1%) -Multiple forms of a single gene that exists in an individual or among a group of individuals
49
What is the most common polymorphism?
SNP
50
What dose polymorphism promote?
promotes biodiversity and persists over many generations (adaptation)
51
What are some examples of polymorphism?
blood type, male/female, some CYP variations
52
What is a mutation?
Any change in DNA sequence that deviates from “normal; “ deviant (< 1%)
53
What are some examples of mutations?
albinism, color blindness, cystic fibrosis, and hosts of diseases
54
What characteristics of mutations?
Mutations do not clarify as polymorphisms
55
All SNP’s _____
mutations but not vice versa >> about population and occurrences
56
Who are jennifer doudna and emmaneulle charpeentier?
Revolutionized Chrisp technology
57
What are the characteristics of crisrp technology?
- Genetic engineering - Cas9 is an enzyme that locks onto DNA and “unzips it” and creates a break at targeted area - Uses small piece of RNA attached to Cas( to copy sequences of DNA
58
Crisrp technology: “clustered regularly interspaced short _________
palindromic repeats”
59
What is crisrp technology used for?
- Used to tweak genes (genetic defects) or turn certain genes off - Allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome down to the nucleotide level - Basically creating mutations
60
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid- heredity material found in our cell nucleus and mitochondria the blueprint of genetic control
61
What is the characteristic of human DNA?
Human DNA has about 3 million bases, more than 99% same in all of us (only 2% coded for proteins)
62
What determines the building blocks of organisms?
It is the order and sequencing of these base pairs that dictate the building and maintaining of an organism
63
What is true about phosphate and DNA?
phosphate groups vary (provide energy)
64
What are the characteristics of the structure of 2-Deoxyribose??
2-Deoxyribose is an aldopentose that is the structural sugar in DNA. This sugar is called “deoxy” because it does not have a hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 2 as compared to RNA. Deoxyribose cyclizes into a furanose (five membered) ring system.
65
What type of DNA can encode more?
Nuclear DNA
66
Which DNA is double stranded and circular?
Mitochondrial DNA
67
Does Mitochondrial DNA have a membrane?
No
68
How many genes are present in mitochondrial dna?
37 genes that encode 13 proteins. 22 tRNA and 2 rRNAs
69
What are the two types of DNA?
Nucleus and Mitochondrial
70
How is RNA different the DNA?
RNA is an identical structure to DNA, except for 2 features: ribose (sugar) versus deoxyribose & lack the base thymine, but uses uracil (pyrimidine
71
What is the synthesis of the RNA strands?
During synthesis of RNA the 2 strands of the DNA molecules separate temporarily; One of the strands is used as a template for synthesis of an RNA molecule.
72
RNA is the _______
construction contractor
73
Review charts comparison charts DNA and RNA
Slide 25 & Slide 26
74
What are the different types of RNA?
Pre-mRNA, Small nuclear, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA, MicroRNA
75
Where is RNA manufactured?
nucleus
76
What is pre-mRNA
large immature single strand of RNA that is processed in the nucleus to form mature messenger RNA(mRNA).
77
What is small nuclear?
directs splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA
78
What is ribosomal RNA?
forms ribosomes, the physical and chemical structures on which protein molecules are actually assembled.
79
What is microRNA?
single stranded RNA molecules that can regulate gene transcription and translation.
80
What activates RNA?
an enzyme called RNA polymerase
81
What is happening to an activated RNA nucleotide?
- 2 extra phosphate radicals added to each nucleotide to form triphosphates - high energy phosphate bonds derived from ATP in the cell.
82
What is the result of RNA nucleotide activation?
- Large quantities of ATP energy are made available to each of the nucleotides. - Energy used to promote the chemical reactions that add each new RNA nucleotide at the end of developing RNA chain.
83
What is mRNA? What is synthesized by?
- mRNA is a simple straight chain of nucleotides | - mRNA is synthesized in the NUCLEAS directly from the DNA
84
What is mRNA?
The condons, unpaired strains
85
What is the function of the mRNA?
- Its job is to carry the instructions coded on the DNA out INTO the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis will occur. - Genetic code is “written” in triplets of bases (codons), which control the sequence of amino acids that make a protein molecule
86
What are condons specific to?
20 amino acids (64 possible codons)
87
What does mRNA determine?
mRNA reads the instructions for the synthesis of a protein encoded on a strand of DNA and carries those instructions to the worksite (ribosome), where transfer tRNA brings amino acids in for incorporation into the polypeptide chain under the direction of ribosomal RNA
88
What does DNA control?
RNA which is the construction contractor that controls the formation specific proteins in the cell (Ribosomal RNA)
89
What are transfer-RNA?
Anticodons, Transfers amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to ribosome as the protein is being synthesized.
90
Where is tRNA located?
present in the cytoplasm (made in the nucleus) | Made up a single-stranded RNA of approx. 80 nucleotides
91
What does tRNA do?
Acts as a carrier to transport its specific type of amino acid to the ribosomes where protein molecules are forming
92
What does a tRNA carry?
Each carries a single amino acid, Each t-RNA has a specific amino acid attached to a 3’ terminal end
93
What is the ribosome?
The ribosome is the physical structure in the cytoplasm on which protein molecules are actually synthesized. But always functions in association with t-RNA and mRNA.
94
Where are ribosomes found?
throughout the cytoplasm; large amount on the endoplasmic reticulum
95
Ribosomal RNA makes up _____ of the ribosome and ______ of cellular RNA
60%; 80%
96
Where is ribosomal RNA made?
in the nucleolus which is a very specific part of the cell nucleus that does not contain chromosomes (ribosome biogenesis)
97
What does Ribosomal RNA determine?
Directs the catalytic steps of proteins synthesis- They are the “manufacturing plant”
98
What is nucleolus consist of?
ribosomal DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins, including RNA polymerases, imported from the cytosol

1-Chemistry Exam 4 (8 decks)

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