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1-Chemistry Exam 4 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Mendel (1865)?

A

Documents patterns of heredity in pea plants

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2
Q

Who is McClintock (1931)?

A

Demonstrates genetic recombination

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3
Q

Who is McLeod and McCarty (1944)?

A

Show that DNA is the transforming principle responsible for heredity

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4
Q

What is watson & crick?

A

Propose the double helix structure of DNA

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5
Q

What are the primary structure of proteins?

A

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain.

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6
Q

Why is the structure of proteins important?

A

The primary structure is important because it is the sequence of amino acids that determines the higher levels of protein structure and, consequently, the function of the protein.

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7
Q

How can small changes effect proteins?

A

Small changes in the primary structure can cause a protein to be completely nonfunctional.

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8
Q

What is the total number or proteins?

A

produced by various cells estimated 100,000

  • Include structural proteins, majority of proteins are enzymes
  • Where the majority of our body’s energy is spent
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9
Q

How many genes are in each cell?

A

Approx. 30,000 different

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10
Q

What does protein synthesis determine?

A

Determine the physical and chemical characteristic of cells and organisms

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11
Q

What are proteome?

A

all of an organism’s proteins

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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that contains enough information to make 1 protein

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13
Q

What are the different types of gene expression?

A

Transcribed (copied) and translated

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14
Q

What is genetic?

A

is a branch ofbiologyconcerned with the study ofgenes,genetic variation, andheredityinorganisms (wiki)

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15
Q

What are the basic physical and function unit of heredity?

A

Genes-made of DNA

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16
Q

What do genes provide?

A

instruction (code) to cells to dictate their function (protein synthesis) although many genes do not code for protein

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17
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

that humans have btn 20-25K genes

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18
Q

What is CRISPER technology?

A

Genetic manipulation via CRISPR technology (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-when we go in personally and start cutting and copy genes it raises positive and negative questions

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19
Q

Where do we inherit genes?

A

We inherent a copy from each parent parent, and we all have similar genes (less than 1% variation among us)

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20
Q

What is an allele?

A

is the same gene with slight variation in its DNA sequencing that code for protein- what gives us our individual differences, and sometimes the genesis of disease

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21
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Located in the cell nucleus, each chromosome is made of a single “thread-like” molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled.

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22
Q

What is chromatin?

A

is the DNA threads and the backbone protein is histone.

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23
Q

How many pairs are in human diploid?

A

Each human diploid cell has 23 pairs (versus haploid cells)

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24
Q

Describe the big characteristics of genetics.

A

Chromosome- chromatin, nucleosomes -histones to DNA Helix

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25
Q

What are genes responsible for?

A

protein coding

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26
Q

What is mitosis?

A

genetical same daughter cells and are all other then sex cells

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27
Q

What is meiosis?

A

sex cells

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28
Q

What is genotype?

A

What you cant see

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29
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Is the expressed portion

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of genotype (5)?

A
  • Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organisms
  • can be determined by observing DNA by genotyping methods
  • Completely depends on the gene sequences
  • Inherited by the offspring
  • Consists of all hereditary information that is the expressed and suppressed genes
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31
Q

What are the chacteristics of phenotype?

A
  • phenotype is the morphology, properties and behavior of an organism
  • can be determined by observing outward character
  • depends on the genotype and environmental factors
  • not inherited by the offspring
  • consists of expressed genes
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32
Q

What is the Monomeric unit of nucleic acids (building blocks)

A

Nucleotide

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33
Q

What are the basic structure of DNA?

A

1 molecule of phosphoric acid, 1 molecule of deoxyribose, & one of the 4 nitrogenous bases to form an acidic nucleotide.

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34
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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35
Q

*Cytosine (C) is always paired with _______.

A

Guanine (G)

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36
Q

*Thymine (T) is always paired with ________..

A

Adenine (A)

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37
Q

What are the 2 categories of DNA?

A

the two strands are loosely held together by their purine and pyrimidine bases with hydrogen bonds

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38
Q

What is phosphorus solved in?

A

ATP production

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39
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  • ‘Like a ladder’
  • The sides of the ladder are formed by the phosphate sugar ‘backbone’
  • Alternating phosphoric acid & deoxyribose molecules
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40
Q

What determines the helical shape of DNA?

A
  • The rungs of the ladder are formed by the nitrogenous bases
  • The shape of the deoxyribose units forces the double strand into a helical shape
41
Q

What is important about the DNA strands?

A

The two strands can pull apart with ease and often do

42
Q

What is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)?

A

responsible for genetic diversity amongst us & implicated in disease

43
Q

What is characteristics of SNP?

A
  • Nucleotide variation(s) with a gene
  • Single base change within DNA (accounts for 90+% of the total variation among the population)
  • Think: grey vs gray (same meaning with no change in language- both commonly expressed)
44
Q

SNPs: A _______is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

A

gene mutation

45
Q

What are base pairs?

A

The nucleotides attach to each other to form chemical bonds calledbase pairs, connecting the two DNA strands.

46
Q

What is the role of genes and DNA?

A

are short pieces of DNA that carry specific genetic information.

47
Q

If aSNPoccurs within a gene, then that gene is described as having _______.

A

1+alleles. There can be normal alleles within a population (variant forms of a gene at a specific locus on a chromosome): polymorphism

48
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

is DNA sequence variation that is NORMAL within a population (occurs > 1%)
-Multiple forms of a single gene that existsin an individual or among a group of individuals

49
Q

What is the most common polymorphism?

A

SNP

50
Q

What dose polymorphism promote?

A

promotes biodiversity and persists over many generations (adaptation)

51
Q

What are some examples of polymorphism?

A

blood type, male/female, some CYP variations

52
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any change in DNA sequence that deviates from “normal; “ deviant (< 1%)

53
Q

What are some examples of mutations?

A

albinism, color blindness, cystic fibrosis, and hosts of diseases

54
Q

What characteristics of mutations?

A

Mutations do not clarify as polymorphisms

55
Q

All SNP’s _____

A

mutations but not vice versa&raquo_space; about population and occurrences

56
Q

Who are jennifer doudna and emmaneulle charpeentier?

A

Revolutionized Chrisp technology

57
Q

What are the characteristics of crisrp technology?

A
  • Genetic engineering
  • Cas9 is anenzymethat locks onto DNA and “unzips it” and creates a break at targeted area
  • Uses small piece of RNA attached to Cas( to copy sequences of DNA
58
Q

Crisrp technology: “clustered regularly interspaced short _________

A

palindromic repeats”

59
Q

What is crisrp technology used for?

A
  • Used to tweak genes (genetic defects) or turn certain genes off
  • Allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome down to the nucleotide level
  • Basically creating mutations
60
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid- heredity material found in our cell nucleus and mitochondria
the blueprint of genetic control

61
Q

What is the characteristic of human DNA?

A

Human DNA has about 3 million bases, more than 99% same in all of us (only 2% coded for proteins)

62
Q

What determines the building blocks of organisms?

A

It is the order and sequencing of these base pairs that dictate the building and maintaining of an organism

63
Q

What is true about phosphate and DNA?

A

phosphate groups vary (provide energy)

64
Q

What are the characteristics of the structure of 2-Deoxyribose??

A

2-Deoxyribose is an aldopentose that is the structural sugar in DNA. This sugar is called “deoxy” because it does not have a hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 2 as compared to RNA. Deoxyribose cyclizes into a furanose (five membered) ring system.

65
Q

What type of DNA can encode more?

A

Nuclear DNA

66
Q

Which DNA is double stranded and circular?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

67
Q

Does Mitochondrial DNA have a membrane?

A

No

68
Q

How many genes are present in mitochondrial dna?

A

37 genes that encode 13 proteins. 22 tRNA and 2 rRNAs

69
Q

What are the two types of DNA?

A

Nucleus and Mitochondrial

70
Q

How is RNA different the DNA?

A

RNA is an identical structure to DNA, except for 2 features: ribose (sugar) versus deoxyribose & lack the base thymine, but uses uracil (pyrimidine

71
Q

What is the synthesis of the RNA strands?

A

During synthesis of RNA the 2 strands of the DNA molecules separate temporarily;
One of the strands is used as a template for synthesis of an RNA molecule.

72
Q

RNA is the _______

A

construction contractor

73
Q

Review charts comparison charts DNA and RNA

A

Slide 25 & Slide 26

74
Q

What are the different types of RNA?

A

Pre-mRNA, Small nuclear, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA, MicroRNA

75
Q

Where is RNA manufactured?

A

nucleus

76
Q

What is pre-mRNA

A

large immature single strand of RNA that is processed in the nucleus to form mature messenger RNA(mRNA).

77
Q

What is small nuclear?

A

directs splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA

78
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

forms ribosomes, the physical and chemical structures on which protein molecules are actually assembled.

79
Q

What is microRNA?

A

single stranded RNA molecules that can regulate gene transcription and translation.

80
Q

What activates RNA?

A

an enzyme called RNA polymerase

81
Q

What is happening to an activated RNA nucleotide?

A
  • 2 extra phosphate radicals added to each nucleotide to form triphosphates
  • high energy phosphate bonds derived from ATP in the cell.
82
Q

What is the result of RNA nucleotide activation?

A
  • Large quantities of ATP energy are made available to each of the nucleotides.
  • Energy used to promote the chemical reactions that add each new RNA nucleotide at the end of developing RNA chain.
83
Q

What is mRNA? What is synthesized by?

A
  • mRNA is a simple straight chain of nucleotides

- mRNA is synthesized in the NUCLEAS directly from the DNA

84
Q

What is mRNA?

A

The condons, unpaired strains

85
Q

What is the function of the mRNA?

A
  • Its job is to carry the instructions coded on the DNA out INTO the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis will occur.
  • Genetic code is “written” in triplets of bases (codons), which control the sequence of amino acids that make a protein molecule
86
Q

What are condons specific to?

A

20 amino acids (64 possible codons)

87
Q

What does mRNA determine?

A

mRNA reads the instructions for the synthesis of a protein encoded on a strand of DNA and carries those instructions to the worksite (ribosome), where transfer tRNA brings amino acids in for incorporation into the polypeptide chain under the direction of ribosomal RNA

88
Q

What does DNA control?

A

RNA which is the construction contractor that controls the formation specific proteins in the cell (Ribosomal RNA)

89
Q

What are transfer-RNA?

A

Anticodons, Transfers amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to ribosome as the protein is being synthesized.

90
Q

Where is tRNA located?

A

present in the cytoplasm (made in the nucleus)

Made up a single-stranded RNA of approx. 80 nucleotides

91
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Acts as a carrier to transport its specific type of amino acid to the ribosomes where protein molecules are forming

92
Q

What does a tRNA carry?

A

Each carries a single amino acid, Each t-RNA has a specific amino acid attached to a 3’ terminal end

93
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

The ribosome is the physical structure in the cytoplasm on which protein molecules are actually synthesized. But always functions in association with t-RNA and mRNA.

94
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

throughout the cytoplasm; large amount on the endoplasmic reticulum

95
Q

Ribosomal RNA makes up _____ of the ribosome and ______ of cellular RNA

A

60%; 80%

96
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA made?

A

in the nucleolus which is a very specific part of the cell nucleus that does not contain chromosomes (ribosome biogenesis)

97
Q

What does Ribosomal RNA determine?

A

Directs the catalytic steps of proteins synthesis- They are the “manufacturing plant”

98
Q

What is nucleolus consist of?

A

ribosomal DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins, including RNA polymerases, imported from the cytosol

1-Chemistry Exam 4 (8 decks)

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