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Biology 12 > PROTEIN SYNTHESIS > Flashcards

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA Functions

A
  1. -Controls Cellular activities including reproduction
    - Carries a code (Genetic information are encoded in the sequence of bases strung together in DNA)
  2. Makes exact copies of itself to pass onto other cells , this process is called DNA replication
    • Undergoes mutation
      - Mutation during DNA replication is the source of life’s diversity
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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, a polymer of nucleotides formed by dehydration synthesis

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3
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of ____?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

A pentose 5 carbon sugar ring, phospate group and nitrogeneous group

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5
Q

What are Purines?

A

A double ring structure containing Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

What are Pyridimines?

A

A single nitrogen ring structure containing Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil

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7
Q

DNA strand

A

Composed of a sequence of nucleotides linked together to form a double helix

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8
Q

What is the backbone of the “ladder” composed of?

A

Alternating molecules of deoxyribose and phosphate with a nitrogenous base attached to each deoxyribose unit

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9
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

Number of purine bases equals the number of pyridimine bases

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10
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

The nucleus of eukaryotic organisms

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11
Q

How are chromosomes formed?

A

DNA wraps itself around proteins called histones

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12
Q

What are Genes?

A

Units of inheritance that controls particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism

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13
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Located on the chromosome of the cell nucleus and consists of segments of DNA molecules

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14
Q

What do genes control?

A

Cellular chemical reactions by directing the formation of enzymes

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15
Q

How are chromosomes held?

A

Tightly coiled structure by proteins called histones

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16
Q

What are histones?

A

-

17
Q

Before a cell can divide what does it have to do?

A

Must be duplicated

18
Q

What is the process of duplication called?

A

Replication

19
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

Each new strand of DNA contains one old strand and one new strand

20
Q

When does semi-conservative replication occur?

A

Prior to daughter cells dividing so that each new daughter cell receives the same genetic material as the parent

21
Q

Transition occurs in/on which organelle in the cytoplasm?

A

Ribosome

22
Q

Which structure delivers amino acids to the site of translation?

A

tRNA

23
Q

tRNA molecules have ___?

A

Anticodons

24
Q

What is anticodons?

A

-

25
Q

The first stage of translation where the mRNA and small ribosomal subunit coming together is called?

A

Initiation

26
Q

The second stage of translation where the amino acid chain is growing longer is called?

A

Elongation

27
Q

The final stage of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome is called?

A

Termination

28
Q

Which mRNA codon is found at the start of each sequence?

A

AUG

29
Q

How many nitrogeneous bases make up a single codon?

A

3

30
Q

What are the nitrogeneous bases

A

Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Adenine

31
Q

Which kind of bonds hold the two sides of the DNA ladder together

A

Hydrogen bonds

32
Q

One gene on a chromosome is responsible for coding one ___?

A

Protein

33
Q

The shape of an RNA molecule is?

A

straight, single strand

34
Q

The process of making an RNA strand is called?

A

Transcription

35
Q

What are the types of RNA found in the cell?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

36
Q

The mRNA molecule is transcribes from the ____ strand of the DNA molecule

A

Sense

37
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

-

38
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

-

39
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

-

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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