BIOCHEMISTRY Notes Review

Question 1

Name the biological molecules

Answer 1

Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids (fats)

Question 2

What is biochemistry?

Answer 2

The study of the chemicals of life

Question 3

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 3

The study of carbon compounds

Question 4

What are carbons characteristics?

Answer 4

-four available covalent bonds
-allowing other atoms to bind
Strong bonds with itself, allowing it to form long chains either branched or straight

Question 5

Amino acids are the unit molecule of ____?

Answer 5

Protein

Question 6

What is polymerization?

Answer 6

Its how a chain of amino acids is linked together to form a protein

Question 7

What are two amino acids linked together called?

Answer 7

Di-peptide

Question 8

What is a peptide?

Answer 8

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 9

How long are proteins usually?

Answer 9

50-75 amino acids (peptides)

Question 10

What are chains greater than two amino acids called?

Answer 10

Polypeptides

Question 11

What are the levels of protein structure?

Answer 11

Primary, secondary, tertiary and Quaternary

Question 12

What is a primary structure?

Answer 12

The order or sequence in which the amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain

Question 13

How many kinds of amino acids can be used in a primary structure?

Answer 13

20

Question 14

What is a secondary structure?

Answer 14

• The twisting or sequence of the primary structure into a helix or bending into a pleated sheet
• Bonds form between H and O, its called hydrogen bonding

Question 15

What is tertiary structure?

Answer 15

• A complex folding of secondary structure into a 3D (globular) shape
• Bonds that form are ionic, covalent, H-bonds and S-S bonds between cysteins, This is the functional shape of the protein (enzyme)

Question 16

What is an enzyme?

Answer 16

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions

Question 17

What is Quaternary structure?

Answer 17

Two or more tertiary protein molecules bound together into a globular mass (held together by the same bonds found in the tertiary structure)

Question 18

What are the protein functions?

Answer 18

Structural (Keratin, hair nails), Enzymes (Salivary amylase), Hormones (Insulin), Blood Proteins (Hemoglobin), Movement (actin&myosin), Antibodies (immunity)

Question 19

What is protein denaturation?

Answer 19

Loss of the specific shape of a protein causing it to lose its functional properties

Question 20

What are carbohydrates made up of?

Answer 20

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 21

How many types of carbohydrates are there, and what are they?

Answer 21

3 types
monosaccharides
di-saccharides
polysaccharides

Question 22

What are characteristics of monosaccharides?

Answer 22

3-7 carbons included, building blocks for larger carbohydrates, named according to the number of carbons in a ring (hexose-6, pentose-5)

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Di-saccharides?

Answer 23

Two monsaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis (releasing one water molecule)

Question 24

What are the characteristics of polysaccharides?

Answer 24

Many monosaccharides bonded together (often glucose), dehydration synthesis changes monomer to polymer

Question 25

Cellulose

Answer 25

Beta linkage, indigestible, structural molecule in plants and a straight chain

Question 26

Glycogen

Answer 26

Alpha linkage, storage molecule in animals and many branches

Question 27

What are characteristics of lipids?

Answer 27

Generally insoluble in water Waxy or oily Contain C, O and H with more H than O

Question 28

What are the common types of lipids

Answer 28

Fatty acids Neutral fats Phospholipids Steroids

Question 29

What are neutral fats?

Answer 29

``` Formed from glycerol plus fatty acids 3 types: Monoglyceride (1 FA+Glycerol) diglyceride (2 FA +glycerol) triglyceride (3 FA + glycerol) ```

Question 30

What are fatty acids?

Answer 30

16-18 carbons with the acid group at the end Saturated: No double bonds Unsaturated: Has double bonds

Question 31

What are phospolipids?

Answer 31

Formed by replacing one fatty acid in a triglyceride with a phosphate containing group, which causes the molecule to be hydrophilic (water loving) The tail part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic (water fearing)

Question 32

What are steroids?

Answer 32

Lipids with four fused carbon rings

Question 33

What are emuslifiers?

Answer 33

Substance that is made from a base and a fat. Non-polar at one end (attracts fat) and polar at the other end (attracts water)

Question 34

What are nucleic acids functions?

Answer 34

Chemicals which carry hereditary or genetic info DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid

Question 35

What are nucleic acid structures?

Answer 35

They are huge, macromoleclar - compounds that are polymers of nucleotide

Question 36

What are polymers?

Answer 36

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits

Question 37

What are the DNA nucleotides?

Answer 37

G - guanine C - cytosine A - aderine T - thymine

Question 38

What is DNA functions?

Answer 38

Makes up chromosomes and genes, controls all cell activity including cell division and protein synthesis

Question 39

RNA

Answer 39

Works with DNA to direct protein synthesis, it is single stranded

Question 40

What are the RNA nucleotides?

Answer 40

C - cytosine G - guanine A - adenine U - urasil

Question 41

DNA and RNA structures

Answer 41

Polymers of nucleotides that form the dehydration synthesis between nucleotides

Question 42

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 42

-

Question 43

What are nucleotide structures?

Answer 43

Consists of five carbon sugar (pentose) either phosphate or deoxyribose, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base (could potentially contain one or two rings)

Question 44

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 44

adenosine triphosphate

Question 45

What is ATP?

Answer 45

important nucleotide which is not part of a nucleic acid, its energy currency for the cell

Question 46

What is a buffer?

Answer 46

A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, helps keep the pH balanced

Question 47

What denatures proteins?

Answer 47

- Temperature - pH - Heavy metals - Polarity - Alkalinity or acidity

Question 48

What ion makes a substance acidic?

Answer 48

Hydronium Ion

Question 49

What ion makes a substance basic?

Answer 49

Hydroxyl ion

Question 50

What is the suffixes of alcohols?

Answer 50

-ol (ex. ethanol)

Question 51

What are the suffixes of sugar?

Answer 51

-ose (ex. glucose)

Question 52

What is a rule of a phospholipid?

Answer 52

phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, two alcohols, and one or two fatty acids

Question 53

TRUE/FALSE | Anything with branches is glycogen?

Answer 53

TRUE

Question 54

What % of water?

Answer 54

71%?