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Biology 12 > BIOCHEMISTRY Notes Review > Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY Notes Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the biological molecules

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids (fats)

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2
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of the chemicals of life

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3
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon compounds

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4
Q

What are carbons characteristics?

A

-four available covalent bonds
-allowing other atoms to bind
Strong bonds with itself, allowing it to form long chains either branched or straight

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5
Q

Amino acids are the unit molecule of ____?

A

Protein

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6
Q

What is polymerization?

A

Its how a chain of amino acids is linked together to form a protein

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7
Q

What are two amino acids linked together called?

A

Di-peptide

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8
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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9
Q

How long are proteins usually?

A

50-75 amino acids (peptides)

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10
Q

What are chains greater than two amino acids called?

A

Polypeptides

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11
Q

What are the levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and Quaternary

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12
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

The order or sequence in which the amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain

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13
Q

How many kinds of amino acids can be used in a primary structure?

A

20

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14
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A
  • The twisting or sequence of the primary structure into a helix or bending into a pleated sheet
  • Bonds form between H and O, its called hydrogen bonding
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15
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A
  • A complex folding of secondary structure into a 3D (globular) shape
  • Bonds that form are ionic, covalent, H-bonds and S-S bonds between cysteins, This is the functional shape of the protein (enzyme)
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16
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions

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17
Q

What is Quaternary structure?

A

Two or more tertiary protein molecules bound together into a globular mass (held together by the same bonds found in the tertiary structure)

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18
Q

What are the protein functions?

A

Structural (Keratin, hair nails), Enzymes (Salivary amylase), Hormones (Insulin), Blood Proteins (Hemoglobin), Movement (actin&myosin), Antibodies (immunity)

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19
Q

What is protein denaturation?

A

Loss of the specific shape of a protein causing it to lose its functional properties

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20
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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21
Q

How many types of carbohydrates are there, and what are they?

A

3 types
monosaccharides
di-saccharides
polysaccharides

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22
Q

What are characteristics of monosaccharides?

A

3-7 carbons included, building blocks for larger carbohydrates, named according to the number of carbons in a ring (hexose-6, pentose-5)

23
Q

What are the characteristics of Di-saccharides?

A

Two monsaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis (releasing one water molecule)

24
Q

What are the characteristics of polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides bonded together (often glucose), dehydration synthesis changes monomer to polymer

25
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta linkage, indigestible, structural molecule in plants and a straight chain

26
Q

Glycogen

A

Alpha linkage, storage molecule in animals and many branches

27
Q

What are characteristics of lipids?

A

Generally insoluble in water
Waxy or oily
Contain C, O and H with more H than O

28
Q

What are the common types of lipids

A

Fatty acids
Neutral fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

29
Q

What are neutral fats?

A 
Formed from glycerol plus fatty acids
3 types:
Monoglyceride (1 FA+Glycerol)
diglyceride (2 FA +glycerol)
triglyceride (3 FA + glycerol)
30
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

16-18 carbons with the acid group at the end
Saturated: No double bonds
Unsaturated: Has double bonds

31
Q

What are phospolipids?

A

Formed by replacing one fatty acid in a triglyceride with a phosphate containing group, which causes the molecule to be hydrophilic (water loving)
The tail part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic (water fearing)

32
Q

What are steroids?

A

Lipids with four fused carbon rings

33
Q

What are emuslifiers?

A

Substance that is made from a base and a fat. Non-polar at one end (attracts fat) and polar at the other end (attracts water)

34
Q

What are nucleic acids functions?

A

Chemicals which carry hereditary or genetic info
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid

35
Q

What are nucleic acid structures?

A

They are huge, macromoleclar - compounds that are polymers of nucleotide

36
Q

What are polymers?

A

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits

37
Q

What are the DNA nucleotides?

A

G - guanine
C - cytosine
A - aderine
T - thymine

38
Q

What is DNA functions?

A

Makes up chromosomes and genes, controls all cell activity including cell division and protein synthesis

39
Q

RNA

A

Works with DNA to direct protein synthesis, it is single stranded

40
Q

What are the RNA nucleotides?

A

C - cytosine
G - guanine
A - adenine
U - urasil

41
Q

DNA and RNA structures

A

Polymers of nucleotides that form the dehydration synthesis between nucleotides

42
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

-

43
Q

What are nucleotide structures?

A

Consists of five carbon sugar (pentose) either phosphate or deoxyribose, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base (could potentially contain one or two rings)

44
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

45
Q

What is ATP?

A

important nucleotide which is not part of a nucleic acid, its energy currency for the cell

46
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, helps keep the pH balanced

47
Q

What denatures proteins?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Heavy metals
  • Polarity
  • Alkalinity or acidity
48
Q

What ion makes a substance acidic?

A

Hydronium Ion

49
Q

What ion makes a substance basic?

A

Hydroxyl ion

50
Q

What is the suffixes of alcohols?

A

-ol (ex. ethanol)

51
Q

What are the suffixes of sugar?

A

-ose (ex. glucose)

52
Q

What is a rule of a phospholipid?

A

phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, two alcohols, and one or two fatty acids

53
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Anything with branches is glycogen?

A

TRUE

54
Q

What % of water?

A

71%?

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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