Protein Info - Exam 2

Question 1

organic compounds

Answer 1

molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements. carbon can bond with up to 4 elements

Question 2

functional groups

Answer 2

sets of atoms that are attached to a carbon skeleton

Question 3

4 Classes of Organic Compounds

Answer 3

carbohydrates: cellulose, glucose
lipids: coconut oil, cholesterol
proteins: keratin
nucleic acids: DNA, RNA

Question 4

macromolecules

Answer 4

large molecules in the body that can have complex structures

Question 5

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 5

when water molecules split during a reaction and its atoms are used to separate a monomer from the rest of the chain

Question 6

dehydration synthesis reaction

Answer 6

when monomer blocks are linked together to form larger polymers through a chemical reaction, one molecule of water is released for each new monomer added to the chain

Question 7

polymer

Answer 7

organic macromolecule, large molecule made by joining together monomers

Question 8

monomer

Answer 8

smaller molecules

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in your body

Question 10

carbohydrate

Answer 10

carbs, sugars & large molecules made from sugars

Question 11

monosaccharides

Answer 11

building blocks of carbohydrates, every carbohydrate has one or more
ex: glucose and fructose

Question 12

isomer

Answer 12

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms

Question 13

disaccharides

Answer 13

• double sugar
• joining 2 monosaccharides
• dehydration synthesis
  ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose

Question 14

polysaccharides

Answer 14

complex carbohydrate made by joining many monosaccharides in a chain
ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

Question 15

lipids

Answer 15

diverse group of organic compounds, do NOT mix with water

Question 16

phospholipids

Answer 16

contain a phosphate group in hydrophilic head and 2 long hydrophobic tails

Question 17

phospholipid layer

Answer 17

surrounding membrane that helps regulate the passage of materials going in and out of a cell

Question 18

cholesterol

Answer 18

a lipid that plays several important roles:
-found in most animal cell membranes
-helps maintain fluidity
-cells use cholesterol to synthesize several important lipid hormones
LDL: can be increased through poor diet
HDL: can be increased through exercise

Question 19

triglyceride

Answer 19

typical dietary fat molecule, made from one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules

• fatty foods = lots of calories
• within molecule, the carbon and hydrogen chains in tails store lots of energy

Question 20

steroid hormones

Answer 20

lipids that contain 4 fused chemical rings that are made up of mostly carbon
ex: estrogen, testosterone

Question 21

anabolic steroids

Answer 21

synthetic variants of testosterone (think body builders)

Question 22

saturated fats

Answer 22

have maximum number of hydrogens along the fatty acid tail

• tail is straight because it allows them to easily stack together, form solids
• single bonds
• solid at room temperature
• unhealthy

Question 23

unsaturated fats

Answer 23

have less than maximum number of hydrogens in tail

• single and double bonds
• bent shape
• liquid at room temperature
• healthier (in plant products)

Question 24

trans fats

Answer 24

type of unsaturated fat that contains an unusual bond that doesn’t occur naturally, quite unhealthy, can cause heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure

Question 25

healthy fats

Answer 25

omega-3 fatty acids, are essential for a healthy diet

Question 26

proteins

Answer 26

polymers that are made by joining amino acid monomers together -20 different kinds of amino acids

Question 27

peptide bond

Answer 27

covalent bond formed when amino acids join through dehydration synthesis

Question 28

polypeptide

Answer 28

long chain of amino acids, each protein contains one or more of these

Question 29

DNA

Answer 29

deoxyribonucleic acid - one type of nucleic acid (stores info) and exists as a chromosome - utilizes thymine among nitrogenous base

Question 30

DNA structure

Answer 30

double helix (2 strands wrapped around and in the center hydrogen bonds between bases hold 2 strands together)

Question 31

DNA bases

Answer 31

``` A= adenine G= guanine T= thymine C= cytosine ```

Question 32

base pairs

Answer 32

hydrogen bonds within base pairs, hold 2 strands of double helix together

Question 33

hydrocarbons

Answer 33

molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon, are nonpolar

Question 34

stereoisomer

Answer 34

more subtle form of an isomer

Question 35

chiral molecule

Answer 35

has mirror-image versions of itself characterized by effect on polarized light 2 forms: D (dextrorotatory) & L (levorotatory)

Question 36

RNA

Answer 36

single stranded, uses ribose as sugar in sugar-phosphate backbone, utilizes uracil

Question 37

adehosine triphosphate

Answer 37

energy currency of a cell

Question 38

nictinamide adenine dinucleotide | flavin adenine dinucleotide

Answer 38

function as electron carriers in a variety of cellular processes

Question 39

enzyme catalysis

Answer 39

1 of 7 categories of protein function, biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions

Question 40

defense

Answer 40

1 of 7 categories of protein function, proteins use their shape to recognize foreign microbes and cancer cells

Question 41

transport

Answer 41

1 of 7 categories of protein function, transport small molecules and ions (ex. hemoglobin transports oxygen to blood)

Question 42

support

Answer 42

1 of 7 categories of protein function, play structural roles (fibers: keratin, ligaments)

Question 43

motion

Answer 43

1 of 7 categories of protein function, muscles contract through the sliding motion of 2 kinds of protein filaments (actin and myosin)

Question 44

regulation

Answer 44

1 of 7 categories of protein function, proteins within cells that turn on and shut off genes during development, act as cell surface receptors

Question 45

storage

Answer 45

1 of 7 categories of protein function, calcium and iron stored by binding as ions to storage proteins