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Bio 110 > Protein Info - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Protein Info - Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic compounds

A

molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements. carbon can bond with up to 4 elements

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2
Q

functional groups

A

sets of atoms that are attached to a carbon skeleton

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3
Q

4 Classes of Organic Compounds

A

carbohydrates: cellulose, glucose
lipids: coconut oil, cholesterol
proteins: keratin
nucleic acids: DNA, RNA

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4
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules in the body that can have complex structures

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5
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

when water molecules split during a reaction and its atoms are used to separate a monomer from the rest of the chain

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6
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A

when monomer blocks are linked together to form larger polymers through a chemical reaction, one molecule of water is released for each new monomer added to the chain

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7
Q

polymer

A

organic macromolecule, large molecule made by joining together monomers

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8
Q

monomer

A

smaller molecules

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9
Q

metabolism

A

sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in your body

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10
Q

carbohydrate

A

carbs, sugars & large molecules made from sugars

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11
Q

monosaccharides

A

building blocks of carbohydrates, every carbohydrate has one or more
ex: glucose and fructose

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12
Q

isomer

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms

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13
Q

disaccharides

A
  • double sugar
  • joining 2 monosaccharides
  • dehydration synthesis
    ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose
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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex carbohydrate made by joining many monosaccharides in a chain
ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

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15
Q

lipids

A

diverse group of organic compounds, do NOT mix with water

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16
Q

phospholipids

A

contain a phosphate group in hydrophilic head and 2 long hydrophobic tails

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17
Q

phospholipid layer

A

surrounding membrane that helps regulate the passage of materials going in and out of a cell

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18
Q

cholesterol

A

a lipid that plays several important roles:
-found in most animal cell membranes
-helps maintain fluidity
-cells use cholesterol to synthesize several important lipid hormones
LDL: can be increased through poor diet
HDL: can be increased through exercise

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19
Q

triglyceride

A

typical dietary fat molecule, made from one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules

  • fatty foods = lots of calories
  • within molecule, the carbon and hydrogen chains in tails store lots of energy
20
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipids that contain 4 fused chemical rings that are made up of mostly carbon
ex: estrogen, testosterone

21
Q

anabolic steroids

A

synthetic variants of testosterone (think body builders)

22
Q

saturated fats

A

have maximum number of hydrogens along the fatty acid tail

  • tail is straight because it allows them to easily stack together, form solids
  • single bonds
  • solid at room temperature
  • unhealthy
23
Q

unsaturated fats

A

have less than maximum number of hydrogens in tail

  • single and double bonds
  • bent shape
  • liquid at room temperature
  • healthier (in plant products)
24
Q

trans fats

A

type of unsaturated fat that contains an unusual bond that doesn’t occur naturally, quite unhealthy, can cause heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure

25
Q

healthy fats

A

omega-3 fatty acids, are essential for a healthy diet

26
Q

proteins

A

polymers that are made by joining amino acid monomers together
-20 different kinds of amino acids

27
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond formed when amino acids join through dehydration synthesis

28
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids, each protein contains one or more of these

29
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

  • one type of nucleic acid (stores info) and exists as a chromosome
  • utilizes thymine among nitrogenous base
30
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix (2 strands wrapped around and in the center hydrogen bonds between bases hold 2 strands together)

31
Q

DNA bases

A 
A= adenine
G= guanine
T= thymine
C= cytosine
32
Q

base pairs

A

hydrogen bonds within base pairs, hold 2 strands of double helix together

33
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon, are nonpolar

34
Q

stereoisomer

A

more subtle form of an isomer

35
Q

chiral molecule

A

has mirror-image versions of itself
characterized by effect on polarized light
2 forms: D (dextrorotatory) & L (levorotatory)

36
Q

RNA

A

single stranded, uses ribose as sugar in sugar-phosphate backbone, utilizes uracil

37
Q

adehosine triphosphate

A

energy currency of a cell

38
Q

nictinamide adenine dinucleotide

flavin adenine dinucleotide

A

function as electron carriers in a variety of cellular processes

39
Q

enzyme catalysis

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions

40
Q

defense

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, proteins use their shape to recognize foreign microbes and cancer cells

41
Q

transport

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, transport small molecules and ions (ex. hemoglobin transports oxygen to blood)

42
Q

support

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, play structural roles (fibers: keratin, ligaments)

43
Q

motion

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, muscles contract through the sliding motion of 2 kinds of protein filaments (actin and myosin)

44
Q

regulation

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, proteins within cells that turn on and shut off genes during development, act as cell surface receptors

45
Q

storage

A

1 of 7 categories of protein function, calcium and iron stored by binding as ions to storage proteins

Bio 110 (9 decks)

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