Protein control: Energy production in the cell

Question 1

General structure of mitochondria?

Answer 1

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae

Matrix

Question 2

General structure of the chloroplast?

Answer 2

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Intermembrane space

…

Question 3

Main processes which occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 3

Oxidation of pyruvate

and the citric acid cycle

Question 4

Main processes occuring in the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 4

Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane

Question 5

Characteristics of mitochondrial DNA?

Answer 5

Single circular molecule of DNA
No histones
Maternal

Question 6

Where were mitochondria + chloroplasts proposed to have originated from? Evidence?

Answer 6

mitochondria from alpha-proteobacteria and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria

theory of endosymbiosis

• possess own DNA (which is circular)
• posses their own ribosomes (70S more bacteria like)
• encoded proteins cluster as subgroups of proteobacteria and cyanobacteria
• membrane structure

Question 7

Equation for conversion of ADP to ATP?

Answer 7

ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O

Question 8

Equation for energetics of ATP conversion?

Answer 8

Delta G = Delta G ‘ + RT ln ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi])

Question 9

ATP synthesis will occur when delta G is what? hydrolysis will occur when delta G is what?

Answer 9

ATP
Synthesis = Delta G < 0
Hydrolysis = Delta G > 0
equilibrium = 0

Question 10

Delta G’ equation (standard prime)

Answer 10

Delta G’ = -RTlnKeq

Question 11

in equilibrium, ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]) = what?

Answer 11

2 x 10^-6

Question 12

What drives ATP synthesis in the inner membrane? (Brief summary)

Answer 12

The chemical (difference in pH) and electric (difference in charge) potential of intermembrane space and matrix

Results in electrochemical gradient of protons

-> this drives ATP synthesis