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PMVPH > Protein and Energy Imblanace Ruminants > Flashcards

Protein and Energy Imblanace Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What chop length should fibre in the diet be?

A

2-4cm - optimum scratch factor to stimulate rumenal movements

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2
Q

How long should a cow spend lying down per day?

A

14 hours

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3
Q

What is the drop test?

A

Drop to knees on cubicle - see how comfortable it is

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4
Q

What is the CCI?

A

Cow Comfrot Index = No. cows lying down ruminating 1hr prior to feeding
- should be at least 60%, 85% best

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5
Q

WHy may the feed a cow intake be different than the prescribed diet?

A

Palatability of diet

Distribution between cows - space

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6
Q

How much head space should each cow have at a trough?

A

60cm

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7
Q

What trough factos may influence food intake?

A

Physical condition - sharp edgers

Clean - old food should not be left under fresh!

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8
Q

How does cow behaviour affect drinking troughs?

A
  • Should be enough space for group of cows to drink together - social animals
  • check floor surrounding trough - can they access it?
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9
Q

What is TDS?

A

Total dissolved solids ?? CHECL

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10
Q

Should DMI be estimated or measured?

A

> Measured - estimates often innacurate
DMI for all foods (inc. oils etc.) should be incorporated
Squeeze silage - if water comes out >20% water content

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11
Q

How may required DMI be calculated in lactating cows?

A

DMI = 2.5% BW + 10% milk yield

[estimate only]

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12
Q

Why may analysis of feed components be inaccurate?

A
  • analysis inaccurate
  • sample not representatice (levels of silage clamp, no. of g rass cuts)
  • when sample taken
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13
Q

What is true TMR? How do majority of systems differ?

A

Everything fed in total mixed ration

- majority of dairy herds fed some concentrates in the parlour too

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14
Q

What may moulds in the silage produce?

A

Mycotoxins

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15
Q

Is self feed silage a good ide?

A

No - if silage sufficiently tightly packed to protect from spoilage then cows will not be able to eat it.
- often usd in conjunction with an electric fence -> stress -> v food intake

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16
Q

What problems may grazing grass present?

A
  • overestimate energy value of grazed grass esp. in long dry summer (stemmy fibrous grasses)
  • bloat from clover rich pastures
  • Mg deficiency (grass staggers)
  • over eating lush pasture or grains -> bloat/acidosis
17
Q

How can overeating at pasture be prevented?

A

Buffer feed - silage, hay or TMR to supplement grass before turning out

18
Q

What level should milk fat be at? What is this proportional to and may cause this to drop?

A
  1. 2%
    - proportional to fibre level in diet
    - if concentrate:forage ratio >60:40 will drop significantly (as acetate levels drop and propionate levels ^)
    - spring grass low in fibre -> v milk fat
    - Low bulk tank milk fat: SARA (but differnet groups within herd likely to differ significantly and counteract this affect/hide low milk fat cows)
19
Q

What level should milk protein be at? When may this drop and is it easy to correct?

A
  1. 4%
    - drops after inadequate energy intake
    - very difficult to correct quicjly
20
Q

How is dung scored? How is optimum dung recognisable?

A

1 - 5, 1 loose and watery, 5 stiff and dry

3 optuimum - sounds like slow hand clap

21
Q

How can BCS be used to assess feeding?

A

Compare cows in different stages of life cycle

  • dry
  • freshly calved (early lac)
  • 2.4 weeks post calve (mid lac)
  • late lac
22
Q

What is the optimum BCS for a cow to calve at?

A

2.5-3

23
Q

What is the most important stage of lactation to look at? Why? What BCS should they start/finish at?

A

Dry cows
- critical 6 weeks either side of calving
- problems here ->
> poor DMI post calve
> metabolic disease
> poor milk production
> poor fert
- SHOULD NOT LOSE WEIGHT DURING THE DRY PERIOD, will lead to fatty liver and metabolic problems
- Should be dried off at same BCS they will calve at (~3)

24
Q

How should dry cows be divided?

A
  1. Dry off - 14d pre calving [far off or early dry group]
  2. 14d pre calving -> calving [transition or close up cows] In this group diet similar to that they will receive post calving to allow gradual rumen changes
25
Q

What are metabolic profiles and how may they be used?

A
  • planned regular blood tests (4x year) on 6 cows from each of 3 groups (early 10-20d post calve, mid 100-200d, drys within 14d of calving)
    > spring turn out to grass
    > mid/late summer (pasture qulatiy variable)
    > housing
    > late in winter housing
    + whenever major diet change implemented
  • objective indication of how well cows are handling diet
  • do NOT sample sick cows!!!
  • include heifers
  • always WAIT 10d after change

PMVPH (20 decks)

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