Protein Flashcards
describe the structure of an amino acid
alpha carbon bonded to hydrogen, the amine group (NH2), the carboxyl group (COOH), and an R group
name the elements within an amino acid
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur (only sometimes if found in R group)
name the type of bond formed when amino acids bond together in a condensation reaction
peptide bond
what is produced when 2 amino acids join in a condensation reaction?
dipeptide + water
describe the primary structure of protein
a sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction
describe the secondary structure of protein
- protein folds into a beta-pleated sheet or coils into an alpha helix
- hydrogen bonds form between COOH and NH2 of adjacent amino acids
describe the tertiary structure of protein
- protein folds into a 3D shape
- hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bridges form between R-groups which gives rise to a 3D shape
describe the quaternary structure of protein
more than one polypeptide chain held together in a precise structure by hydrogen bonds and disulphide bridges (not all proteins have a quaternary structure)
describe the biochemical test for proteins
-add an equal volume of the sample and Biuret’s solution
-a purple/lilac colour indicates presence of protein
-a negative result is no colour change (stays blue)
What is the activation energy and what do enzymes do to it?
The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Enzymes will lower the activation energy
How is the lock and key model different to the induced fit model?
The lock and key model suggests that enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key, and that the substrate is complementary to the enzyme so can immediately be broken down.
The induced fit model suggests that the substrate and enzyme are initially different shapes and so the enzyme must change shape in order to bind to the substrate and break it down. As the enzyme changes shape it breaks the bonds within the substrate which breaks it down
What is denaturation?
When there is an extreme pH or temperature change which can break down the hydrogen bonds in the tertiary structure of the enzyme. This causes the active site to change shape meaning the substrate and the enzyme are no longer complementary so cannot form an enzyme substrate complex.
How does temperature effect enzyme activity?
As temperature increases, rate of reaction also increases because the enzymes and substrates gain more kinetic energy, meaning there are more successful collisions so more enzyme substrate complexes will form.
At 37 degrees, enzyme activity is at its optimum
After 37 degrees the rate of reaction begins to decrease, because the high temperature begins to break down the hydrogen bonds in the tertiary structure of the enzyme which causes the active site to change shape meaning that the substrate can no longer bind to it. This means that enzyme substrate complexes cannot form.
Describe an investigation to observe the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the activity of catalase
- Measure 20cm^3 pureed potato in a conical flask and push in a bung
- Fill a measuring cylinder with water and insert over a trough of water and insert the rubber tube into the measuring cylinder
- Add 2cm^3 5 vol hydrogen peroxide into the conical flask and time for 30 seconds
- After 30 seconds record the volume of oxygen in the measuring cylinder
- Repeat with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide
- Calculate rate of oxygen production using: amount of oxygen formed divided by time taken
How does pH effect enzyme activity?
The optimum pH for enzymes is 7 and either side of the optimum the rate of reaction will decrease.
Extreme pHs will disrupt the ionic/hydrogen/disulphide bonds in the tertiary structure at the active site meaning that enzyme substrate complexes can no longer form. A decrease in pH increases the concentration of H+ ions which breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds, which causes the tertiary structure to change shape