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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

CO2, water and ATP

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2
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactate and ATP

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3
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

A

ethanol, carbon dioxide, ATP

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4
Q

What are the stages on aerobic respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • krebs cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
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5
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A
  • before glucose can be split, it is phosphorylated into fructose bisphosphate to make it more reactive. Two phosphate molecules are added which come from the hydrolysis of 2 molecules of ATP
  • fructose bisphosphate splits into triose phosphate (3 carbon molecule)
  • triose phosphate becomes oxidised as hydrogen is removed and transferred to NAD, to form NADH
  • triose phoshate is converted into pyruvate which regenerates 2 molecules of ATP from ADP
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6
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 4 ATP (net production 2)
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
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7
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

What occurs in the link reaction?

A
  • pyruvate molecules produced in the cytoplasm during glycolysis are actively transported into the mitochondria matrix
  • pyruvate is oxidised to acetate. During this reaction, pyruvate loses a molecule of carbon dioxide and 2 hydrogen atoms, which are accepted by NAD to form 2NADH
  • acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A
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9
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A
  • 2 NADH
  • CO2
  • 2 acetyl coA
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10
Q

What occurs in the krebs cycle?

A
  • acetate is released from coA (coA is used to transport acetate from the link reaction to the krebs cycle)
  • acetate from the link reaction combines with oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule) to form citrate (6 carbon molecule)
  • citrate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated, releasing carbon dioxide and 2 hydrogen atoms which combine with NAD, forming NADH and a 5C compound
  • oxaloacetate is regenerated through a series of redox reactions, forming 2NADH, FADH, carbon dioxide and ATP
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11
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle?

A

The cycle turns twice because the link reaction forms 2 coA

  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • 2 ATP
  • 4 CO2
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12
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation (electron transfer chain)?

A
  • reduced NAD and FAD donate their electrons of hydrogen atoms to the first molecule in the electron transfer chain
  • electrons pass along the chain in a series of oxidation reduction reactions, releasing energy leading to the active transport of protons from the inner membrane into the inter membrane space
  • protons accumulate in the inter membrane space before diffusing back into the matrix through ATP synthase down a chemiosmotic gradient, forming ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
  • electrons recombine with protons and oxygen at the end of the chain to form water - oxygen is the final electron acceptor
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13
Q

How many molecules of ATP are synthesized from 1 molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration?

A

38

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14
Q

What are the products of the electron transfer chain?

A
  • 34 ATP
  • water
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15
Q

What are the alternative respiratory substrates?

A
  • lipids
  • protein
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16
Q

What happens during respiration of lipids?

A
  • before being respired, they are hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
  • glycerol is phosphorylated and converted to triose phosphate which enters the glycolysis pathway
  • fatty acids are converted to acetyl coA
  • oxidation of lipids releases many hydrogen atoms that are used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
17
Q

What happens during respiration of protein?

A
  • initially hydrolysed into amino acids
  • amine group is removed (deamination)
  • 3 carbon compounds are converted to pyruvate
  • 4/5 carbon compounds are converted to intermediates in the krebs cycle
18
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi and how do they form?

A

ethanol + carbon dioxide + NAD

  • pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis loses a molecule of carbon dioxide and accepts hydrogen from NADH to form ethanol
19
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals and how do they form?

A

lactate + NAD

  • NAD from glycolysis accumulates and must be removed - pyruvate takes up 2 hydrogen atoms from NADH produced in glycolysis
20
Q

How many ATP are formed in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP formed in glycolysis

Biology (25 decks)

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