DNA and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genes in a cell (all of the cells DNA)

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2
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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3
Q

What is the structure of mRNA?

A
  • single-stranded
  • variable length (length of gene)
  • linear shape
  • no binding site for amino acids
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4
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A
  • single-stranded
  • around 80 nucleotides long
  • base pairing
  • clover shape
  • binding site for amino acids
  • 3 bases forming the anticodon
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5
Q

What is the structure of rRNA?

A
  • part of the structure of a ribosome
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6
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • During transcription, hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs break in the DNA by DNA helicase, and the antisense strand of DNA is used as a template.
  • Free RNA nucleotides bind to complementary exposed bases on the antisense strand, and nucleotides join by RNA polymerase forming phosphodiester bonds, to form pre-mRNA
  • In eukaryotic cells, the pre-mRNA is spliced meaning the introns are removed which forms mature mRNA which can leave the nucleus through pores to travel to the ribosomes
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7
Q

What is translation?

A
  • During translation, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
  • The codon on mRNA will bind to an anticodon on tRNA, which carries a specific amino acid. tRNA will line up along the mRNA to form a specific sequence of amino acids (determined by the sequence of codons)
  • Between each amino acid, energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to form a peptide bond in condensation reactions
  • Once a peptide bond has formed, the tRNA molecule will leave and the ribosomes will move along the mRNA to continue the sequence
  • Once the amino acid sequence is complete, tRNA will bring a stop codon which will end the chain of amino acids, to form a complete polypeptide
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