Prostate, Testicular and Penile Cancer

Question 1

who is prostate cancer most common in?

Answer 1

black men aged 70-74 with FH (BRCA2)

Question 2

what type of cancer is most prostate cancer?

Answer 2

adenocarcinomas

Question 3

presentation of prostate cancer

Answer 3

asymptomatic
haematuria
haematospermia
bone pain
anorexia
weight loss

Question 4

diagnosis of prostate cancer

Answer 4

DRE as most arise in peripheral zones
PSA
TRUS biopsy

Question 5

what can elevate PSA?

Answer 5

cancer
PBH
prostatitis
UTI
retention
DRE

Question 6

what must be done being giving a PSA test?

Answer 6

counselling

Question 7

what are the risks in a TRUS biopsy?

Answer 7

bleeding
sepsis
vaso-vagal fainting

Question 8

classification/ scoring system for prostate cancer

Answer 8

Gleason’s scoring

TMN staging

Question 9

management of organ confined prostate cancer

Answer 9

surveillance
radical surgery
radiotherapy (EBRT, brachytherapy)

Question 10

management of locally advanced prostate cancer

Answer 10

radiotherapy

hormonal therapy

Question 11

management of metastatic disease

Answer 11

androgen deprivation therapy
steroids
chemotherapy

Question 12

androgen deprivation therapy options

Answer 12

LHRH analogues
anti-androgens
bilateral orchidectomy

Question 13

risks in hormonal therapy in prostate cancer

Answer 13

testosterone surge which causes spinal cord compression so anti-androgen cover is required

Question 14

who is testicular cancer common in?

Answer 14

men 20-45

Question 15

risk factors for testicular cancer

Answer 15

previous in contralateral testicle
cryptorchidism
HIV
FH

Question 16

two types of testicular cancer

Answer 16

seminomatous

non-seminomatous

Question 17

age of seminomatous testicular cancer

Answer 17

35-45

Question 18

management of seminomatous testicular cancer

Answer 18

radiotherapy responsive

Question 19

appearance of seminomatous testicular cancer

Answer 19

potato appearance

Question 20

age of non-seminomatous testicular cancer

Answer 20

<35

Question 21

which type of testicular cancer is more aggressive?

Answer 21

non-seminomatous

Question 22

management of non-seminomatous testicular cancer

Answer 22

chemotherapy sensitive

Question 23

types of non-seminomatous testicular cancer

Answer 23

teratoma
yolk sac
embryonal
trophoblast (choriocarcinoma)

Question 24

role of normal testis

Answer 24

make sperm in seminiferous tubules

Question 25

what do the seminiferous tubules contain?

Answer 25

germ cells Sertoli cells maturing sperm

Question 26

what does the interstitial testis contain?

Answer 26

Leydig cells

Question 27

role of Leydig cells

Answer 27

produce DHEA that is converted to testosterone

Question 28

what is a hydrocoele?

Answer 28

accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis in the testis

Question 29

what is a spermatocele?

Answer 29

cystic change in vas

Question 30

what is a varicocele?

Answer 30

varicosities of venous plexus- bag of worms

Question 31

presentation of testicular cancer

Answer 31

scrotal cancer pain due to bleeding weight loss neck lumps, chest symptoms, bone pain

Question 32

diagnosis of testicular cancer

Answer 32

USS CT bloods for tumour markers- AFP, B-HCG and LDH

Question 33

management of testicular cancer

Answer 33

radical inguinal orchidectomy (sperm preservation)

Question 34

what kind of cancers are penile cancers?

Answer 34

skin cancers such as Kaposi's, BCC, melanoma, sarcoma

Question 35

risk factors for penile cancer

Answer 35

``` 5th-6th decade premalignant conditions phismosis HPV 16/18 smoking immunocompromised ```

Question 36

presentation of penile cancer

Answer 36

hard, painless lump urinary retention groin mass (inguinal lymphadenopathy)

Question 37

management of prepucial penile cancer

Answer 37

circumcision

Question 38

management of glans penile cancer

Answer 38

``` superficial= glans resurfacing deep= glansectomy ```

Question 39

management of advanced penile cancer

Answer 39

amputation with formation of perineal urethrostomy