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Renal 2020 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

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2
Q

body fluids osmolarity

A

300mosmol/L

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3
Q

what is tonicity?

A

effect a solution has on cell volume

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4
Q

define isotonic and its effect on the cell

A

same concentration solution

no change in cell volume

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5
Q

define hypertonic solution and its effect on the cell

A

concentrated salt solutions

decreases cell volume (shrinks cells)

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6
Q

define hypotonic solution and its effect on the cell

A

dilute solution

increases cell volume (swells, lysis)

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7
Q

two compartments of total body water

A
  1. intracellular fluid= 67%

2. extracellular fluid= 33%

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8
Q

what is the extracellular fluid made up of?

A 
plasma (20%)
interstitial fluid (80%)
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9
Q

tracer used to measure TBW

A

3H2O

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10
Q

tracer used to measure ECF

A

inulin

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11
Q

tracer used to measure plasma

A

labelled albumin

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12
Q

water homeostasis inputs

A

food
fluid
metabolism

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13
Q

water homeostasis outputs

A 
skin 
lungs
sweat
faeces
urine
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14
Q

what separates plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

capillary wall

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15
Q

what separates interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

plasma membrane

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16
Q

what ion is excluded from the ICF?

A

Na+

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17
Q

where is K+ usually located?

A

in ICF

changes can cause muscle weakness and cardiac problems

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18
Q

kidney functions

A

water balance
salt balance
plasma volume/ osmolarity
acid-base balance
excretion of waste/ exogenous foreign compounds
secretion of renin (BP) and erythropoietin (RBC)
conversion of vit D to active form

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19
Q

two types of nephrons

A
  1. juxtamedullary

2. cortical

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20
Q

do many nephrons empty into the same collecting duct?

A

yes

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21
Q

define urine

A

modified filtrate of blood

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22
Q

three filtration barriers

A
  1. glomerular capillary endothelium
  2. basement membrane
  3. slit processes of podocytes
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23
Q

what does the glomerular capillary endothelium act as a barrier against?

A

RBCs

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24
Q

what does the basement membrane act as a barrier against?

A

plasma proteins

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25
Q

what do the slit processes of podocytes act as a barrier against?

A

barrier to proteins

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26
Q

what GFR?

A

rate protein-free plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman’s capsule per unit time

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27
Q

what is a normal GFR?

28
Q

what is a major determining factor for GFR?

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

29
Q

regulators of GFR

A

baroreceptor reflex
myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback

30
Q

what is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

macula densa of DCT sense NaCl

31
Q

define plasma clearance

A

measure of how effectively the kidneys clean the blood of a substance

32
Q

normal renal plasma flow?

33
Q

what is filtration fraction?

A

fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into the tubules and the rest moves to peritubular capillaries

34
Q

what is transport maximum (Tm)?

A

point at which increases in concentration of a substance do not result in an increase in movement of a substance across a cell membrane

35
Q

example of glucose’s Tm

A

2mmol/min (threshold is 10-12mmol/L, consider diabetes)

36
Q

where in the nephron is most Na+ and water reabsorbed?

37
Q

what channel in the PCT is water and Na+ reabsorbed?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase (water follows Na+, and Cl- follows)

38
Q

where are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the nephron?

39
Q

tubular fluid osmolarity in the PCT?

A

300mosmol/l

40
Q

what does the loop of Henle enable the formation of?

A

hypertonic urine

41
Q

what do the limbs of the loop of Henle function as?

A

counter-current multiplier

42
Q

what happens in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed

impermeable to water

43
Q

what happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A

permeable to water

no other reabsorption

44
Q

what do loop diuretics block?

A

triple co-transporter Na+/K+/2Cl- in the thick ascending limb

45
Q

what cycle contributes to medullary osmolality?

A

urea cycle

46
Q

how does the urea cycle contribute to medullary osmolality?

A

DCT is impermeable to urea and collecting duct absorbs about 50%
it can passively diffuse into the loop

47
Q

what is the counter-current exchanger?

A

vasa recta

48
Q

how do the vasa recta contribute to medullary osmolality?

A

run alongside the loop of Henle

have low blood flow to prevent NaCl and urea being washed away

49
Q

what hormones control the distal tubule?

A

ADH
aldosterone
ANH/P
PTH

50
Q

two parts of the DCT

A

early

late

51
Q

what is in the early DCT?

A

triple co-transporter

52
Q

what controls the late DCT?

A

aldosterone

53
Q

what influences the collecting duct?

A

ADH by increasing the number of aquaporins to create concentrated urine

54
Q

what causes ADH secretion?

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect low BP

55
Q

nicotine effect on ADH

A

stimulates

56
Q

alcohol effect on ADH?

57
Q

where in the body secretes aldosterone?

A

adrenal cortex

58
Q

what causes aldosterone to be secreted?

A

increased K+
reduced Na+
activation of RAAS

(low BP)

59
Q

where is renin secreted from?

A

granular cells in JGA

60
Q

what causes renin to be secreted?

A

reduced pressure in afferent arterioles
macula densa cells sense reduced NaCl in DCT
increased sympathetic activity in low BP

61
Q

what happens if there is an abnormal increase in RAAS?

A

hypertension

fluid retention

62
Q

when are ANPs produced?

A

when there is an increase in blood volume

63
Q

what do ANPs do?

A

promote excretion of Na+ and diuresis

64
Q

define water diuresis

A

increased water removal, not solute

65
Q

define osmotic diuresis

A

increased urine flow as a result of salt excretion

Renal 2020 (26 decks)

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