Prostate Conditions Flashcards
Presentation of prostate cancer
No signs or symptoms in early stages, but in advanced there can be problems urinating, blood in semen, discomfort in pelvic area, bone pain, ED
Non-modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer
African, FHx, older age, BRCA mutation
Modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer
Obesity, smoking, diet (high animal fats and milk)
Investigations into prostate cancer
Digital rectal exam, urine dip, PSA, MRI and if lesion has >3 likerk scale then biopsy
Causes of raised PSA
Acute urinary retention, BPH, recent ejaculation, PR exam, urethral instrumentation, UTI, prostatis, cancer
Non-hormonal management of prostate cancer
Active surveillance and radiotherapy, removal of prostate
When is hormonal management used
Used for patients with metastatic disease
Options for hormonal management
Reduce testosterone levels - GnRH analogues, androgen antagonists, GnRH antagonists
Eg of GnRH analogues
Goserelin and Leuprolide
How do GnRH analogues work
LH and FSH blockade by pituitary overstimulation
How to androgen antagonists work
They are used in addition to GnRH analogues to counteract the initial surge of testosterone caused by them
Eg of androgen antagonists
Bicalutamide and Enzulatamide
Eg of GnRH antagonists
Degrarelix
How do GnRH antagonists work
Block receptors so decrease LH and FSH levels
What is prostatitis
Inflammation and/or infection of prostate acute or chronic
