Prostate cancer

Question 1

What are the presenting symptoms?

Answer 1

Nocturia,
Frequency
Hesitancy
Dysuria
Abnormal DR-Exam

uncommon;
Haematuria
Lymph node enlargement (mets)
Weight loss (mets)
Lethargy (mets)
Bone pain (mets)

Question 2

Aetiology?

Answer 2

The prostate contains many small glands which make about 20% of the fluid constituting semen. In prostate cancer, the cells of these prostate glands mutate into cancer cells. The prostate glands require male hormones, known as androgens, to work properly.

testosterone makes the prostate grow bigger

Question 3

Signs on examination?

Answer 3

abnormal dre

Question 4

Investigations for prostate cancer?

Answer 4

PSA;

• elevated
• normal psa values increases with age, so look at age when comparing.

DRE;
- assymetrical nodular prostate

Question 5

Investigations for prostate cancer?

Answer 5

PSA;

• elevated
• normal psa values increases with age, so look at age when comparing.

DRE;
- assymetrical nodular prostate

Prostate Biopsy;

• transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided needle biopsy
• gleason and tnm stage given

Renal function;
- advanced diseas can cause obstruction

Question 6

Mx of prostate cancer?

Answer 6

Active surveillance
RALP; robot assisted lap prostatectomy
Hormonal therapy; GnRH agonist