prostate cancer

Question 1

prostate cancer

Answer 1

common cancer
low mortality
age is the most important risk factor

most are adenocarcinomas

Question 2

prostate cancer presentation

Answer 2

Almost 80 percent of men currently diagnosed with prostate cancer undergo a biopsy because of a suspicious serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Digital rectal examination — On digital rectal examination, asymmetric areas of induration or frank nodules are suggestive of prostate cancer. In contrast, symmetric enlargement and firmness of the prostate are more frequent in men with BPH

Urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, and hesitancy are seen commonly but are usually related to a concomitant benign prostate enlargement.

Question 3

prostate cancer treatment

Answer 3

for very low risk or low risk disease
active surveillance

intermediate or high risk
radiotherapy
radical prostatectomy

if lymph node involvement should be treated with a androgen deprivation therapy
GnRH agonist

metastatic disease
most common site is bone
can trial androgen deprivation therapy
abiraterone, enzalutamide

eventually requires chemotherapy

Question 4

prostate cancer surveillance

Answer 4

psa measures

dre