Prostate cancer Flashcards
Prostate cancer risk factors
- Age - >75 yrs men
- Black Afro-Caribbean
- FMHx of prostate cancer
- BRCA1 or BRCA 2 genes
Most common type of prostate cancer
acinar adenocarcinoma
what cells do the acinar adenocarcinoma originate from
Glandular cells - prostate gland lining
which type of prostate cancer is more aggresive
Ductal adenocarcinoma
Prostate cancer clinical presentations
- LUTs
- Haematuria
- Dysuria
- Haematospermia
- suprapubic pain
- WL
- Bony pain
Prostate cancer examination findings
DRE - Firm, irregular, asymmetrical, fixed mass
Prostate cancer choice of imaging
Multiparametric MRI
Gold standard in diagonsing prostate cancer
biopsies of prostatic tissue
1. Transperineal biopsy
2. TransRectal UltraSound-guided (TRUS) biopsy
Prostate cancer staging system
Gleason Grading system
Prostate cancer pathophysiology
Growth of prostate cancer is almost androgen dependent (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT))
What cell produce PSA
epithelial cells of the prostate
why is PSA unreliable to detect prostate cancer
False positive
Pre PSA test advice
avoid sexual activity, ejaculation and vigorous exercise for 48 hours prior
Prostate cancer Mx
Robotically assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP)
Hormone therapy in prostate cancer
reduce the level of androgens
- Androgen-receptor blockers such as bicalutamide
- GnRH agonists such as goserelin (Zoladex) or leuprorelin (Prostap)
Prostate cancer common met. sites
Spine - Spinal compression - multiple sclerotic lesions
Hormonal therapy indication in prostate cancer
slowing the progression of metastatic prostate cancer
Which of the prostate zone is the most common site for development of prostate cancer?
Peripheral zone
clinical relevance: palpable mass on DRE
when is Active surveillance indicated in prostate cancer
- low-risk, localised prostate cancer
- life expectancy of < 10 years
