Prostate cancer Flashcards
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men.. True or false?
True
Advanced prostate cancer commonly metastasises to the…
- Bones
- Lymph nodes
What is the common histological type of prostate cancer?
In which zone of the prostate does cancer typically grow?
Adenocarcinoma
Peripheral zone
Give two risk factors for developing prostate cancer (other than increasing age)
- Family history of prostate cancer
- Black African or Caribbean ethnicity
Which blood test can be used to try to detect prostate cancer?
PSA test
Why is the PSA test unreliable?
High rate of false positives and false negatives
What are the common causes of a raised PSA?
- Prostate cancer
- BPH
- Infection, e.g. prostatitis, UTI
- Vigorous exercise, e.g. cycling
- Recent ejaculation
What is the first-line investigation for suspected prostate cancer?
Which investigation may be performed in addition?
MRI
Prostate biopsy:
- Transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy
- Transperineal biopsy
The main risks of prostate biopsy are…
- Pain
- Bleeding
- Infection
What kind of scan can be used to look for bony metastasis?
Radioactive isotope scan
Which grading system is used to help determine prognosis/treatment in prostate cancer?
Gleason grading system
Which system can be used to stage prostate cancer
TNM staging (tumour, node, metastasis)
Management of prostate cancer is guided by…
MDT
Describe the medical management of prostate cancer
Hormone therapy (to reduce testosterone levels):
- Androgen receptor blockers
- GnRH agonists, e.g. goserelin, leuprorelin
Describe the interventional and surgical management of prostate cancer
Interventional:
- External beam radiotherapy
- Brachytherapy
Surgical:
- Radical prostatectomy
