Prostate Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common cell type in prostatic cancer?
Adenocarcinoma.
You also get transitional cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma.
What does androgen dependant cancer mean?
The prostatic cancer is dependant on sex hormones to grow. like testosterone.
(Most prostate cancer is androgen dependant)
Where is the most common zone for prostate cancer?
> 85% is in the peripheral zone (posterior and lateral).
2nd most common is transitional zone
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
Mostly asymptomatic (especially if peripheral - because its furthest away from the urethra). LUTS - hesitancy, nocturia, frequency, weak flow, terminal dribbling. Other - Haematuria, erectile dysfunction.
What is the 10 year survival percentage?
> 84% of men survive over 10 years.
what is the treatment for low risk localised prostatic cancer?
active surveillance, surgery, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy.
what is the treatment for medium risk localised prostatic cancer?
surgery, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, hormone therapy.
what is the treatment for high risk localised prostatic cancer?
external beam radiotherapy, hormone therapy.
what is the most common site of metastasis?
Bone (pelvis and vertebrae)
Lymph nodes
what is the steps involved in diagnosis of prostate cancer?
1st line - Multiparametric MRI
2nd line - Prostate biopsy
Other - PSA, digital rectal examination
What conditions can PSA be raised in?
Prostatic cancer BPH cycling recent ejaculation UTI prostatitis
What are the risk factors for prostatic cancer?
AGE - most important Afro-carribean BRCA1 gene BRCA2 gene Family history Tall stature Anabolic steroids
what is the Gleason grading?
1st number (grading) + 2nd number (staging)
6 - low risk
7 - medium risk (4+3 is more risky than 3+4)
8 - high risk
What is a complication of external beam therapy?
Proctitis (inflammation of the rectum)
What surgery removes the entire prostate?
Radical prostatectomy
