Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Prostate and Bladder cancer > Flashcards

Prostate and Bladder cancer Flashcards

1
Q

how much should a prostate weigh in a young adult

A

20 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what cell type covers the prostatic urethra

A

transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the apex and base of the prostate continuous with

A

apex= inferior portions of the prostate, continuous with the striated sphincter

base= superior portion= continuous with the bladder neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the zones of the prostate

A

transitional (surrounds prostatic urethra)

central (surrounds ejaculatory ducts)

peripheral zone (majority of prostate glandular tissue, posteriolatera; prostate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is prostate does BPH arise from

A

transitional zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where do 70% of prostate adenocarcinomas originate from

A

the peripheral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how common is prostate cancer

A

most common in UK for men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the peak of for prostate cancer

A

70-74 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

who is most at risk of prostate cancer

A

black men
western world (scandinavia and north america)
FH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the presentation of prostate cancer

A

vast majority asymptomatic (found by PSA (raised) and abnormal DRE findings)

can have lower urinary tract symptoms
haematuria/ haematospermia
bone pain, anorexia, weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the findings on DRE of prostate cancer

A

asymmetry
nodule
fixed craggy mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is PSA definitive for prostate cancer

A

no can be raised by anything that inflamed the prostate

some patients with prostate cancer will have a normal PSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is PSA

A

a glycoprotein enzyme produced by the secretory pithelial cells of the prostate gland
-involved with the liquidation of semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are PSA levels meant be

A

normal= semen PSA high, serum low

in prostate cancer the serum PSA rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what else can elevate PSA

A 
BPH 
prostatitis/ UTIs
retention 
catheterisation 
DRA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is mandatory for asymptomatic patients before a PSA test

A

counselling:
Cancer identified in <5% of patients

Sensitivity-80-90%

Specificity- 40%

17
Q

when would you do a trans-rectal USS guided prostate biopsy

A

abnormal DRE and raised PSA
previous abnormal biopsy
normal biopsy but rising PSA trend

18
Q

what are the risk with trans rectal biopsys

A

(10 biopsies should be taken)

  • sepsis
  • rectal bleeding
  • vaso-vagal fainting
  • haematospermia and haematuria
19
Q

what are the majority of prostate cancers

A

multifocal adenocarciomas

20
Q

how do prostate cancers spread

A 
through prostatic capsule 
urethra 
bladder base 
seminal vesicals 
perineural  invasion along autonomic nerves

most common mets sites:

  • pelvic lymph nodes
  • skeleton
21
Q

what lesions are characteristic of prostate cancer

A

sclerotic lesions

22
Q

what is a predictor of prostate cancer prognosis

A

gleasons scoring (used to grade cancers)

23
Q

what imaging to stage prostate cancer

A

bone scan
MRI
CT scan

24
Q

what are the broad classifications of prostate cancer

A

organ confined:
-T1-2 N0 M0

locally advanced
-T3-4 N0 M0

metastatic
- N+ M+

25
Q

what is the management for organ confined prostate cancer

A

watchful waiting/ symptom guided treatment (treated palliatively when systemic progression)

active surveillance with curative treatments:

  • radical surgery
  • radical radiotherapy
26
Q

what are the management options for locally advanced prostate cancer

A

radiotherapy with neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy

watchful waiting (asymptomatic patients with LE< 10/ dont accept treatment complications)

hormonal therapy (symptomatic patients who need palliation, unfit for curative Tx)

27
Q

what is the management for metastatic prostate cancer

A

androgen deprivation therapy

  • hormonal (LHRH analogues, anti-androgens)
  • bilateral orchidectomy
  • maximal androgen blockage

steroids/ diethylstilbesterol

cytotoxic chemotherapy

28
Q

how can you hormonally control the prostate

A

growth of prostate cancer cells under the influence of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (from testes 90%, and adrenals)
if prostate cells are deprived of adrogenic stimulation then undergo apoptosis

  • LHRH agonists (down regulates LHRH receptors, suppresses pituitary LH and FSH secretion and therefore testosterone secretion)
  • anti-androgens (compeitive inhibition) (can be steroidal or non steroidal)
29
Q

what are the side effects of LHRH agonists

A 
loss of libido, ED
hot flushes and sweats 
weight gain 
gynaecomastia 
anaemia 
cognitive changes 
osteoporosis
30
Q

how do you diagnose prostate cancer

A

PSA and DRE

31
Q

how do you diagnose bladder cancer

A

flexible cystoscopy and CT scan

32
Q

what are the main types of bladder cancer

A

= uroepithelial (can be split into)
- transitional cell 90%
squamous cell 9%

33
Q

how do you classify transitional cell carcinoma

A

papillary 80% (50% are infiltrative malignancies)

non papillary 20% (all considered to be malignant) (are flat, can be invasive or non invasive)

34
Q

how can you image bladder cancer

A 
excretory urogram 
sonography 
retrograde pyelogram 
computed tomography 
angiography
35
Q

what do transitional cell bladder cancers look like

A

stippled appearance
have outward projections
tend to be multicentric and bilateral

36
Q

what will half of patients with cancer of ureter/ renal pelvis develop

A

bladder carcinoma

37
Q

who gets bladder cancer

A

M4:F1

after 5th decade of life

38
Q

what scan is insensitive for diagnosis of urinary bladder carcinoma

A

excretory urography

39
Q

what signs can be associated with bladder cancer

A

urinary bladder halo sign

Renal (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions