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Renal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where is urine produced

A

the kidneys

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2
Q

what is the role of the ureter

A

drains the urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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3
Q

what is the role of the bladder

A

stores and void the urine

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4
Q

what is the role of the urethra

A

excretion of urine (and semen in males)

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5
Q

what makes up the upper urinary tract

A

the kidneys and ureters

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6
Q

what makes up the lower urinary tract

A

the bladder and the urethra (both midline structures)

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7
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are in the abdomen (and where)

A

in the retro-peritoneum

the kidneys and proximal ureters

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8
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are in the pelvis

A

the distal ureters, the bladder and the proximal urethra

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9
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are within the peritoneum

A

the distal urethra

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10
Q

where are the kidneys

A

in abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum

enclosed within then renal fat/ fascia/ capsule

surrounded by skeletal muscles - anterior to quadratus lumborum, lateral to psoas major

lie lateral to the lower throacic/upper lumbar vertebral bodies

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11
Q

is the peritoneum in contact with the kidneys

A

yes the visceral peritoneum is touching the anterior surface of the kidneys

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12
Q

what is the role of the skeletal muscle surrounding the kidneys

A

guarding protects them from trauma

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13
Q

what muscles surround the kidneys

A

right anterolateral abdominal wall muscles- external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

posterior abdominal wall muscles- psoas major and left quadratus lumborum

muscles of the back

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14
Q

what is the hilum of the kidney

A

the ‘root’ were the renal artery and vein and the ureter attach to the kidney

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15
Q

what is the position of the contents of the hilum of the kidney

A

vein anterior, atery, ureter posterior

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16
Q

from the peritoneum what do you go through to get to the kidney

A 
visceral peritoneum 
paranephric fat
renal (deep fascia) 
perinephric fat (liquid that floats the kidneys)
renal capsule (thick fascia)
kidney
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17
Q

what is problematic about the renal capsule

A

as very thick fascia doesnt strectch well- if kidney were to expand in (e.g. hydronephrosis) then it would constrict the kidney and cause pain

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18
Q

is an axial ct of the abdomen where is the aorta and IVC

A

aorta is largest white circle on top of vertebral body (is slightly on the right)

IVC is superior and towards the left (not the smaller white hole next to the aorta- this is the crux of the diaphragm)

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19
Q

what vertebral level are the kidneys at IMPORTANT

A

right- L1-L3 (depressed by the liver)

left- T12-L2

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20
Q

where are the kidneys in relation to the ribs

A

floating ribs 11 and 12 are posterior to the kidneys (protect them but if they fracture can contuse (bruise) or lacerate the kidney)

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21
Q

which regions are the kidneys found in

A

upper R and L quadrants or the lumbar/ flank regions R and L

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22
Q

what is the normal finding when balloting a kidney

A 
12cm long 
6cm wide 
smooth 
regular 
firm
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23
Q

how do you ballot a kidney

A

palpate posteriorly within the right flank (inferior to 12th rib)
palpate anteriorly within the RUQ
as the patient breathes in the kidneys descend and can be trapped between the palpating hands

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24
Q

what happens to the kidneys during breathing

A

diaphragm in contact with both the liver and the spleen

during inspiration these are depressed so also depress the kidneys

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25
Q

what is the right kidney posterior to

A

the liver (and hepatorenal recess), the duodenum, ascending colon and right colic flexure (where the ascending becomes the transverse colon)

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26
Q

what is the left kidney posterior to

A

the stomach,

the tail of the pancreas, the hilum of the spleen, the splenic vessels

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27
Q

what is the hepatorenal recess

A

between the liver and the kidney- forms the deepest part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity when supine (lying down)

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28
Q

are the renal arteries anterior or posterior to the renal veins

A

veins are anterior, arteries posterior

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29
Q

which is anterior out of the iliac arteries and vein

A

iliac arteries are anterior to the common iliac veins

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30
Q

what does the renal artery arise from

A

the abdominal aorta

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31
Q

what does the renal vein drain to

A

IVC

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32
Q

where does the kidney lymph drain to

A

to the lumbar nodes (around the abdo aorta and IVC)

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33
Q

where does the abdo aorta birfucate

A

at the level of the umbilicus

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34
Q

what is the utereric blood supply

A

from lots of different branches (renal artery, aorta, common iliac, internal iliac, vesicle (bladder)

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35
Q

where does the lymph from the ureters drain to

A

has dual lymph drainage- the lumbar nodes and the iliac nodes
(iliac nodes located around the common, internal and external iliac vessels)

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36
Q

when associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, renal artery stenosis may be…

A

combined with an INFRA renal AAA (both cause by athersclerosis)
or due to a SUPRA renal AAA (caused by occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm)

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37
Q

why might you have only one kidney

A

agenesis (failure to form)

nephrectomy (pathology/donation)

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38
Q

what are the types of anatomical variants in the kidneys

A 
bifid renal pelvis 
bifid ureter and unilateral duplicated ureter 
retrocaval ureter (behind IVC)
horseshoe
ectopic pelvic kidney
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39
Q

describe the composition of the kidneys

A

outer cortex

inner medulla- make renal pyramids which contain regularly arranged nephrons giving striped appearance

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40
Q

how are the nephrons of the kidneys arranged

A

run axially towards the apex of each pyramid

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41
Q

how does urine drain from the kidneys

A 
nephrons collecting duct
minor calyx (where renal pyramids drain) (joint together to make)
major calyx (join together to make) 
renal pelvis
passes into ureter
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42
Q

ureter bigger or smaller than the renal pelvis

A

smaller- in kidneys urine drains through structures that get wider and wider until get to ureter at pelviureter junction where becomes narrow

problem for kidney stones

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43
Q

what is the pelviureteric junction

A

where the wider renal pelvis becomes the narrower ureter

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44
Q

where are the three anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

A

pelviureteric junction

ureter crossing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses the bifurcation) (where passes from abdo to plevis structure across bny rim)

ureteric orifice (opening into the corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)

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45
Q

what are renal calculi

A

stones that form from urine calcium salts and can obstruct the urinary tract

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46
Q

what is a stag horn calculus

A

one that lodges in renal pelvis and calyces

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47
Q

what can can uteric obstruction

A

internal obstruction (renal calculus/ blood clot)

external compression (tumour)

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48
Q

why is obstruction of the ureter painful

A

has smooth muscles in walls- increases peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction in an attempt to remove the blockage and pass it into the bladder
peristalsis in wave colicky pain than comes and goes

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49
Q

what are the consequences of a urinary tract obstruction

A

cause urine to back up towards kidneys
if in calyces/ ureter =unilateral
if in bladder= uni/bilateral
if in urethra= bilateral

urine production will continue until the pressure within the UT exceeds the pressure favouring filtration at the glomerulus

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50
Q

what is renal failure

A

failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

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51
Q

what is a hydronephrosis

A

urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the meduallary pyramids leading to renal failure
causes enlargement of kidney (water in kidney)

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52
Q

why is acute hydronephritis pain

A

due to stretching of the renal capsule

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53
Q

what is the false pelvis

A

from the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet (is still part of the abdominal cavity)

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54
Q

what is the true pelvis

A

the pelvic cavity (from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor)

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55
Q

where is the bladder found

A

in the pelvic cavity

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56
Q

what is the pelvic floor muscle

A

levator ani

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57
Q

what does the ureter pass through to get to the perineum

A

levator ani

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58
Q

what separates the false and true pelvis

A

the pelvic rim (ridge of bone)

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59
Q

what is the pelvic diaphragm

A

the pelvic floor

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60
Q

what passes through the pelvic floor

A

distal parts of alimentary (GI), renal and reproductive tracts

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61
Q

what is the perineum

A

shallow compartment between the pelvic floor and skin

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62
Q

do ureters pass anterior or posterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis

A

anterior - then run anteriorly along the walls of the pelvis

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63
Q

how do the ureters enter the bladder and what is the relevance of this

A

at level of ischial spine they turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder (sub peritoneal root) in a inferomedial direction

helps present the reflux of urine back in to the ureters when the bladder contracts to void.

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64
Q

what is the retrovesicle pouch

A

in anatomical position is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity

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65
Q

where does the ureter common cross the iliac

A

at its bifurcation (in females)

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66
Q

what is the pouch of douglas

A

the rectouterine pouch- the most inferior part of the female peritoneal cavity (when in anatomical position (standing)

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67
Q

what is the vesico-uterine pouch

A

between the bladder and the uterus

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68
Q

what is the round ligament of the uterus

A

attaches uterus to the perineum via the inguinal canal

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69
Q

does the ureter run superiorly or inferiorly to the uterine tubes and artery/ the vas deferens

A

runs inferiorly (water under the bridge) to both

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70
Q

where do the arteries in the pelvis mostly branch from

A

the internal iliacs

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71
Q

where do the veins of the pelvic drain to

A

the internal iliac vein

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72
Q

what are the main pelvic arteries in women

A

vesicle (bladder)
uterine
middle rectal
vaginal

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73
Q

what are the main pelvic arteries in men

A 
vas deferens 
vesical arteries 
prostatic arteries (branches from the vesical arteries)
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74
Q

what does the common iliac branch into

A

external (becomes femoral) and internal iliac (supplies pelvic viscera)

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75
Q

what are the three orifices of the bladder and what do the form

A

2 ureteric orifices
internal urethral orifice

three form triangle shape on internal aspect of the bladder than has smooth surface= the trigone

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76
Q

where are the ureteric orficices

A

in the base (posterior aspect) of the bladder

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77
Q

where is the internal uretheral orifice

A

on inferior aspect ‘floor’ of the bladder

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78
Q

where is the prostate

A

inferior to the bladder

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79
Q

what surrounds the peritoneum

A

the vesicle peritoneum- makes it a sub peritoneal organ

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80
Q

what is the detrusor muscles and what is its function

A

contracts to bladder to void

encricles the ureteric orifices and constrict as bladder contracts- prevents reflux or urine

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81
Q

what is the internal urethral sphincter muscle

A

only in male bladder- at top of urethral orifice
formed from the detrusor muscle
constricts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder

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82
Q

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis

A

the bladder- lies posterior to the pubic bone (when empty)

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83
Q

where is the body of the uterus in relation to the bladder

A

superior to it- in an anteflexed position, is separated from the bladder by the uterovesical pouch
most of uterus’ weight is borne by the bladder

84
Q

where is the trigone

A

the posterior wall inferiorly (base and floor) of bladder

85
Q

what is the position of an empty bladder

A

within the pelvis

peritoneum covers its superior surface only

86
Q

what is the position of a full bladder

A

can extend out of the pelvis - its superior part lies lies superior to the pubic bone
peritoneum only covers its superior surface (same as empty)

87
Q

what are the two catheterisation routes

A

urethral

suprapubic (only for full bladders)

88
Q

how long is the female urethra

A

4cm long

89
Q

what urethral sphincter is under voluntary control

A

external urethral sphincter

90
Q

what other muscle can act as a sphincter for the urethra

A

the levator ani

91
Q

how long is the male urethra

A

20cm

92
Q

what separates the pelvis and the peritoneum

A

levator ani muscle

93
Q

what is the prostatic urethra

A

the urethra as it passes through the prostate

94
Q

what is the spongy urethra

A

the urethra as it passes through the corpus spongiosum (in penis)

95
Q

where does urine leave the urinary tract in males

A

external urethral orifice (in meatus of penis)

96
Q

what is the path of sperm

A

produced in seminiferous tubules in testes
stored in epididymis
vas deferens- goes through deep inguinal ring into inguinal canal into abdominal cavity
passes behind bladder
joins the seminal gland (where semen produced) to make ejaculatory duct
goes through prostate- joins with prostatic urethra
turns into spongy urethra
leaves via external urethral orifice

97
Q

at birth where should the testes be

A

in the scrotum

98
Q

what is the path of the testes

A

move from posterior abdomen, through inguinal canal to the scrotum

99
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain

A 
testicular artery, 
testicular vein (pampinoform plexus), 
vas deferens, 
lymphatic vessels draining testes, nerves- autonomic for smooth muscle of vas and somatic for cremaster muscle
100
Q

in the scrotum what do the testes sit within

A

sac called a tunica vaginalis (fist in balloon- has parietal and visceral layer- testes never actually enter the sac)

101
Q

what is a hydrocele

A

excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis

102
Q

what is the paminiform plexus

A

plexus of veins which acts as venous drainage for the testes

103
Q

what is torsion

A

twisting of the spermatic cord - disrupts the blood supply to the testes:

  • severe pain
  • danger of testicular necrosis
104
Q

what are the gondal vessels

A

term for either the testicular/ ovarian arteries and veins

105
Q

what does the left gonadal vein drain to

A

the left renal vein

106
Q

what does the right gonadal vein drain to

A

the IVC

107
Q

what do the gonadal veins arise from

A

the aorta

108
Q

what passes through the deep inguinal ring

A

testicular artery, vein (pampiniform plexus drains into this), vas deferens, lymphatics and nerves

109
Q

where does the vas deferens begin

A

at the inferior pole of the testes

110
Q

where is the epidymis palpated

A

at the posterior aspect of the testes (its head (proximal end) is located at the posterior aspect of the superior pole of the testis)

111
Q

where is the vas deferens palpated

A

within the spermatic cord, within the scrotym, superior to the testis

112
Q

what are the prostatic ducts

A

through these glandular secretions drain from the prostate into the prostatic urethra

113
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct

A

combined duct of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal gland

114
Q

how bid should the prostate be

A

size of a walnut

115
Q

what part of prostate can you feel in a PR exam

A

peripheral zone (this is where most prostate cancer arise)

116
Q

what ‘tubes’ make up the penis

A 
right and left corpus cavernosum (posteriorly- transmit the deep arteries of the penis)
corpus spongiosum (anteriorly- transmits the spongy urethera and expands distally to form the glans)
117
Q

what happens during an erection

A

the 3 cylinder of erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood at arterial pressure

118
Q

what is the root of the penis attached to

A

the ischium (bone) of pelvis

119
Q

what is the blood supply of the penis

A

via the deep arteries of the penis- branches of the interbal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)

120
Q

what is the blood supply to the scrotum

A

via the internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac artery

121
Q

where does the lymph of the scrotum and penis (-glans) drain to

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes found in the superficial fascia in the groin

122
Q

where does the lymph from the testes drain to

A

lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta

123
Q

what motor function does the renal system have

A

ureteric peristalsis
bladder contraction
urethral sphincter control

124
Q

what is urinary continence

A

the voluntary control of the elimination of urine from the bladder

125
Q

what does the lumbar and sacral plexus supply

A

perineum, distal part of renal system and the lower limbs

126
Q

what do somatic sensory nerve fibres do

A

carry sensations from the body wall to the CNS

127
Q

what so visceral afferent nerve fibres do

A

convey sensation from our organs to the CNS

128
Q

what do somatic motor nerve fibres do

A

motor response to are body wall from the CNS (e.g. stimulate skeletal muscle)

129
Q

what are the types of visceral efferent nerve fibres

A

parasymathetic and sympathetic (both carry motor responses)

stimulate smooth muscle (involuntary, cardiac muscle or glands and organs

130
Q

what controls ureteric peristalsis and bladder contraction

A

sympathetic/ parasympathetics

131
Q

what controls urethral sphincter control

A

both visceral afferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic: internal sphincter as is within pelvis)

and somatic sensory/motor (external sphincter and levator ani as within perineum)

132
Q

what senses pain from the kidneys,

and ureters

A

visceral afferent

133
Q

what senses pain from the urethra

A

visceral afferent (in pelvis) and somatic sensory (in perineum)

134
Q

what senses pain from the testis

A

visceral afferent (somatic sensory also as in perineum)

135
Q

what controls urinaet continence

A

symp and parasympathetics
somatic motor
visceral afferent

136
Q

what does the lumbar a sacral plexus provide

A

somatic sensory and somatic motor to the perineum and lower limbs

137
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

138
Q

how can a berve communicate with the CNS

A

by being carried by a cranial or spinal nerve (distance carried by this vary: somatic carried whole time, symp/para carried for limited portions)

139
Q

what do spinal nerves carry

A

somatic motor
somatic sensory
sympathetic fibres (innervating the smooth muscle and glands of the body wall)

140
Q

where and how do sympathetic nerves leave the CNS

A

within spinal nerves between T1 and L2 (thoracolumbar outflow)

141
Q

how do sympathetic fibres reach the body wall

A

within spinal nerves

142
Q

how do sympathetic nerves reach smooth muscle/ glands (bits other than body wall)

A

within splanchnic nerves (cardiopulmonary or abdominopelvic)

143
Q

how do sympathetic nerves reach the muscle/ glands of the head

A

by following arteries which supply the same structures

144
Q

how far down spine does the sympathetic chain go

A

the entire length of the vertebral column (hence able to convey sympathetic fibres into all 31 spinal nerves)

145
Q

how do sympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the kidneys, ureters and bladder

A

leave spinal cord between T10 and L2
enter sympathetic chains bilaterall but DO NOT synapse
leave sympathetic chains within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
synapse at the abdominal sympathetic ganglia (around the abdo aorta)
post synaptic fibres pass from the ganglia onto the surface of the arteries of target organs = periarterial plexus

146
Q

what other nerves form periarterial plexuses

A

parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres

147
Q

where do parasympathetics leave the CNS

A

within 4 cranial nerves and the sacral spinal nerves (craniosacral outflow)

148
Q

how do parasympathetics reach the smooth muscle/ glands of the body wall

A

they dont innervate these

149
Q

how do parasympathetics reach the smooth muscle/ glands of the head and body

A

via cranial nerves

150
Q

how do parasympathetic fibres reach the smooth muscles/ glands of the hindgut and pelvic organs

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

151
Q

how do parasympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the kidneys, ureters and bladder

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres which innervate the kidneys & ureter are carried within the vagus nerves (CNX)

Parasympathetic nerve fibres which innervate the bladder are carried within the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)

152
Q

what spinal nerves are the pelvic splanchnic nerves in

A

S2,3,4

153
Q

how do parasympathetic fibres reach specific organs

A

form periarterial plexuses

154
Q

what parts of renal system are supplied by somatic motor nerve fibres

A

only those within perineum (body wall)- urethra and external uretheral sphincter and levator ani

155
Q

where pain from the kidney felt

A

loin- posterior aspect of the flank region on affected side

156
Q

where is pain from the bladder usually felt

A

suprapubic region (midline)

157
Q

where is pain from the perineal urethra felt

A

localised within the perineum

158
Q

where is pain from a calculus affecting the ureter felt

A

radiation from loin to groin on the affected side

159
Q

how do visceral afferent nerve fibres get from the kidney to the CNS

A

run alongside sympathetic fibres to spinal cord

enter between T11 and L1 (why pain is felt in these dermatomes- e.g. posterior loin)

160
Q

what are the differential diagnosis of loin pain

A 
herpes zoster 
muscular (most common)
vertebra 
spinal nerve root compression 
lower lobe pneumonia
161
Q

how do visceral afferent nerve fibres get from the ureters to the CNS

A

run along side sympathetic fibres

enter spinal cord between T11 and T2

162
Q

what are the differential diagnoses of groin pain (ureter pain)

A

hernias
lymphadenopathy
testicular pathology

163
Q

how do visceral afferent nerve fibres get from the bladder to the CNS
(nerves that carry pain form superior bladder- touching peritoneum)

A

run alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord

they enter the spinal cord between levels T11 – L2

164
Q

how do visceral afferent nerve fibres get from the bladder to the CNS
(nerves that carry pain form part not touching peritoneum)

A

travels back with PARAsympathetics to spinal cord S2,3,4

pain can refer to buttocks and gluteal region

165
Q

what are the differentials for suprapubic pain

A 
hindgut organs (sigmoid diverticulae) 
other organs e.g uterus
166
Q

how do visceral afferent nerve fibres get from the proximal uretheras (in pelvis) to the CNS

A

along side parasympathetics to levels S2,3,4

167
Q

how do somatic sensory nerve fibres get from the distal uretheras to the CNS

A

carried with the pudendal nerves to levels S2,3,4

causes well localised pain

168
Q

what are the differentials for perineal pain

A

vaginal tear
anal canal fissure
perineal genital ulcers

169
Q

how do pain fibres from the testes get to the CNS

A

visceral afferents run alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord to levels T10-11
pain from scrotum can be felt in localised pattern L1 region)

170
Q

what are the differentials for scrotal pain

A

skin lesions

strangulated inguinal hernia

171
Q

name the pain: dull, achy type pain in the loin (posterior flank)

A

pain from kidneys

172
Q

name the pain: loin to groin pain

A

obstructed ureters

173
Q

name the pain: dull, achy, suprapubic

A

bladder

174
Q

name the pain: localised to peritoneum, sharp

A

urethera (distal)

175
Q

name the pain: felt in scrotum, can radiate to the groin and anterior lower abdomen

A

testis

176
Q

what nerves are carried in S2,3,4

A

visceral afferents, parasympathetics, somatic motor, sensory fibres

177
Q

what is micturition

A

urine flow

178
Q

how do you control urine flow

A

nerves S2-4
(carries visceral afferents)
pudendal (formed from S2,3,4)
pelvic splanchnic (carries parasympathic fibres which have left the CNS with S2,3,4)

179
Q

what senses the stretch of the bladder

A

visceral afferent nerve fibres (relay this to CNS via S2,3,4)

180
Q

what stops us peeing outselves

A

cerebral inhibition nerve fibres

181
Q

what causes the detrusor muscle to contract

A

parasympathetics

182
Q

what causes the internal uretheral sphincter to relax

A

parasympathetics

183
Q

what cause the external urethral sphincter and levator ani to relax

A

somatic motor

184
Q

what other muscle contract to help urination

A

anterolateral abdominal walls contract (somatic motor) to increase intra-abominal pressure

185
Q

what part of spinal nerves can form plexuses

A

anterior rami

186
Q

what makes up the lumbosacral plexus

A

the lumbar and the sacral plexus

187
Q

what are the names nerves that emerge from plexuses

A

spinal nerves (most will contain somatic motor and sensory and sympathetics)

188
Q

what does the pudendal nerve arise from

A

sacral plexus S2,3,4

189
Q

what does the sciatic nerve arise from

A

from the sacral plexus (nerve roots L4-S3)

190
Q

what does the lumbar plexus give rise to

A 
iliohypogastric (L1)
ilioinguinal (L1)
lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2,L3)
genitofemoral nerve (L1,L2)
femoral nerve (L2 – L4)
obturator nerve(L2 – L4)
191
Q

where does the femoral nerve travel

A

under inguinal ligament, into anterior compartment of the thigh

192
Q

what is the path of the obturator nerve

A

passes through obturator foramen (pelvis) into medial compartment of thigh

193
Q

what is the path of the sciatic nerve

A

into posterior compartment of thigh via the gluteal region

splits into tibial and common fibular nerves

194
Q

what does the tibila muscle supply

A

posterior compartment of leg and the intrinsic muscles of the foot

195
Q

what does the superficial fibular nerve supply

A

lateral compartment of leg

196
Q

what does the deep fibular supply

A

anterior compartment of leg

197
Q

what becomes the saphenous nerve

A

the femoral

198
Q

what supplies sensation to the plantar aspect of the foot

A

tibial nerve

199
Q

what supplies sensation to the lateral aspect of the foot

A

sural nerve

200
Q

what supplies sensation to the first web space

A

deep fibular nerve

201
Q

what supplies sensation to the dorsal foot

A

superficial fibular and saphenous nerve (from femoral)

202
Q

what stimulates ureteric peristalsis

A

automatic action (auto rhymicity)

203
Q

what controls bladder contraction

A

parasympathetics from S2,3,4 from pelvic splanchnic nerves stimulating detrusor

204
Q

what causes the internal uretheral sphincter to contract (during ejaculation)

A

sympathetic stim

205
Q

what causes the internal urethral sphincter to relax

A

parasympathetics (allows urine to flow)

206
Q

what causes the external urethral sphincter to constrict

A

somatic motor fibres (S2,3,4) within the pudendal

207
Q

what causes the levator ani to contract

A

somatic motor fibres (S3,4)

Renal (27 decks)

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