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Renal > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys and urinary tract

A

maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis, body fluid osmolarity and acid base balance

excrete toxic metabolic waste products (urea and creatinine)

act as an endocrine gland producing renin and erythropoietin

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2
Q

what covers the kidney

A

thin but strong capsule of dense collagen fibres (is continuous with the connective tissue of the renal sinus)

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3
Q

what is the hilum of the kidney

A

site of entry of renal artery and exit of renal vein and ureter

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4
Q

what makes up the medulla

A

medullary pyramids with apices pointing towards the hilum (papillae) (where urine drops off into the minor calyx)

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5
Q

what is a lobe of the kidney

A

a medullary pyramid and its associated cortical tissue

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6
Q

where does the medulla gets its blood supply from

A

the cortex

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7
Q

what fills the renal sinus

A

fat

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8
Q

what is the nephron

A

the basic functional unit of the kidney

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9
Q

what makes up the nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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10
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus (capillaries) and bowens capsule (cup of simple squamous epithelium at the end of the nephron that the capillaries invaginate into)

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11
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle

A

production and collection of glomerular filtrate

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12
Q

what supplies and drains the glomerulus

A

afferent (supplies) and efferent (drains) arteries

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13
Q

what are podocytes

A

specialised epithelium cells that line bowmans capsule (lie of top of the capillaries of the glomerulus)

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14
Q

how does blood get from the glomerulus capillaries to the tubules (aka what are the three layers of the glomerular filter)

A
  • endothelium (is fenestrated)
  • thick basal lamina
  • pododcytes (pedicles which form filtration slits)
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15
Q

what is the mesagium

A

made of mesangial cells, is the stalk like core of the glomerulus
provides support and removal of debris within the renal corpuscle

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16
Q

what is the is the glomerular filrate rate

A

100-125 ml/min

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17
Q

what are the two poles of the renal corpuscle

A 
vascular pole (where afferent/efferent arteries connect) 
urinary pole (where glomerular filtrate leaves)
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18
Q

what cells have a saw tooth appearance

A

podocytes

19
Q

what is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbs and glucose

70% of sodium (active transport) and water (diffusion) is reabsorbed as is almost all amino acids and glucose (co-transport)

20
Q

what is a PCT cell, what is it like

A

cell of the proximal tubule

cuboidal epithelial cell
has extensive brush border (microvilli) and invaginated basal lamina to increase SA

21
Q

what makes up the medulla

A

parallel tubules, the loops of henle and the collecting ducts + looping vascular network

22
Q

what lines the loop of henle

A

thick limbs- simple cuboidal epithelium

thin limbs- simple squamous epithelium

23
Q

what are the parts of the loop of henle

A

thick descending limb (proximal straight tubule)
thin descending limb
thin ascending limb
thick ascending limb (distal straight tubule)

24
Q

what is the role of the loop of henle

A

creation of the hyperosmotic environment in the medulla

25
Q

what is hyperosmotic

A

a fluid having a great conc of solutes than a normal extracellular fluid (more salty), increased osmotic pressure (water moves into capillaries (like oncotic)

26
Q

how does the loop of henle create and maintain a hyperosmotic interstitium

A

as permability to water and ion and active transport of ions varies in the different parts

27
Q

explain the blood supply of the medulla

A

vasa recta- loops of thin vessels that come down from the cortex and then go back up

normal vessels going through would carry away the salts in the interstitium and reduce high osmotic gradient

28
Q

what is the role of the distal convoluted tubule

A

acid base and water balance (absorption of water, Na and bicarbonate. excretion of K and H ions)

29
Q

how do the proximal and distal convoluted tubules differ

A

distal has smaller/ lacks a microvillus border

distal small tubules that proximal

30
Q

what controls the re absorption of Na in the distal convoluted tubule

A

aldosterone - causes greater Na+ and water retention (increases BP)

31
Q

what controls the reabsorption of water

A

ADH

32
Q

what joins into the collecting duct

A

connecting tubules

33
Q

what forms medullary rays (stripes in medulla)

A

the straight segments of the proximal and distal tubules

the collecting ducts

34
Q

how does ADH work

A

(from post pit)
increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water
in high ADH, because of the high salt content of the interstitial fluid, water passes through the lumen as is goes through the medulla
ADH= concentrated urine

35
Q

what is the function of the collecting tubules and collecting ducts

A

controlled reabsorption of water under the control of ADH

carries urine out into calyces

36
Q

describe the flow of urine

A 
produce at renal papilla 
minor calyx
major calyx 
renal pelvis 
ureter 
bladder 
urethera
37
Q

what lines (almost) all of the conducting parts of the urinary tract

A

transitional epithelium (uroepithelium)

(cells at luminal surface are domed a.k.a umbrella cells)

highly IMpermeable

38
Q

why does the epithelium of the conducting parts of the urinary system has variable thickness

A

to allow for different states of distention

39
Q

what is below the epithelium of the conducting parts of the urinary system

A

lamina propria of connective tissue

2-3 layers of smooth muscle

40
Q

what ganglia in the muscle of the bladder

A

parasympathetic from sacral spine (provide micturition relfex)

41
Q

how long is the urethra in femaled

A

4cm

42
Q

what lines the female urethra

A

transitional epithelium

stratified near its termination

43
Q

what lines the male urethra

A

prostatic urethra- transitional epithelium
membranous urethra- stratified columnar
penile urethra- stratified columnar epithelium, becomes stratified squamous at tip

44
Q

how long is the male urethra

A

20cm
prostatic (from bladder through prostate) 3-4cm
membranous (from prostate to bulb) 1cm
penile urethra 15cm

Renal (27 decks)

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