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Semester 4 (NME) > Prostate > Flashcards

Prostate Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone is more potent? DHT or testosterone?

A

DHT (5-10x more)

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2
Q

What enzyme in the prostate converts testosterone to DHT?

A

Steroid 5-alpha-reductase

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3
Q

What effect does DHT have on the prostate?

A

Stimulates stromal tissue growth

Stimulates acini growth

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4
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the prostate?

A

Primes androgen receptors

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5
Q

Are DHT levels increased in BPH?

A

NO

It’s the receptors which are increased (possibly due to oestrogen)

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6
Q

Why does prostate growth constrict the urethrea?

A

As the prostate is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, so growth of the prostate increases pressure

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7
Q

What is Retrograde ejaculation?

A

Where semen enters the bladder rather than being ejected via the urethra

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8
Q

What aspect of semen gives the prostate it’s antimicrobial properties?

A

Zinc

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9
Q

What is the function of PSA?

A

Causes semen coagulation in the cervix then liquidation after when needed (it’s a protease)

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10
Q

How does prostate growth change with age?

A

Growth and doubling time increase with age

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11
Q

What is the difference between BPE and BPH?

A

BPE is an clinical diagnosis

BPH is a pathological diagnosis

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12
Q

Name 6 risk factors for BPH

A

Age, obesity, diabetes, genetics, dyslipidaemia, androgen levels

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13
Q

Name 4 factors which can decrease risk of BPH?

A

Castration
Weight loss
Mod/ severe exercise
Reduce cardiovascular risk

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14
Q

What is the clinical prevalence of BPH between 40-49 and 70-79?

A

40-49: 14%

70-79: 40%

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15
Q

What is the link between clinical prevalence of BPH and the autopsy prevalence between ages 70-80?

A

Autopsy prevalence is roughly double that of the clinical prevalence

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16
Q

Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors will cause what change in prostate size over 1yr? Name another use of these drugs?

A

25% size reduction

Another use: Causes hair growth

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17
Q

What changes in flow are observed when medication is used to treat BPH?

A

Small improvements in flow but not much

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18
Q

What are the two categories of LUTS symptoms?

A

Storage- nocturia/ urgency/ incontinence
Voiding- Poor flow/ intermittent/ incomplete voiding/ dribbling/ straining
Around 50% P have both S+V symptoms

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19
Q

What are the 3 most common complication of BPH?

A 
Renal failure (2.5%)
Bladder calculi (0.3-3.4%)
Infection (1-12%)
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20
Q

What are 3 disadvantage to use of 5-alpha- reductase inhibitors?

A

Take -6mnths to start working
Can cause gynaecomastia + sexual dysfunction
Reduces PSA

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21
Q

What is the NICE pathway for BPH treatment?

A

Alpha blockers
5 alpha reductase blocker
Combine alpha block and 5-a-reducatase blocker
Surgery

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22
Q

What is the most common surgical treatment for BPH?

A

Trans-urethral resection of prostate (TURP)

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23
Q

What is the most common complication of TURP surgery?

A 
Retrograde ejaculation (70%) 
10%- recurrence rate 
Erecticle dysfunction (5%)
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24
Q

What are the 5 anatomical prostate regions?

A 
Peri-urethral 
Transition
Peripheral 
Central
Anterior Fibromuscular
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25
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate cancer (Make up 25% of M cancers)
26
What ethnicity is affected most by prostate cancer?
Afro-carribean (2-3x more likely)
27
Which gene is implicated in development of prostate cancer?
BRCA2 (look for breast cancer in mother) -5x increased risk
28
What is the prevalence of urinary incontinence in M and F over the age of 80?
M: 34% F: 46%
29
Most hyperplasia's of the prostate arise in which zone of the prostate?
Transitional
30
Most carinoma's of the prostate arise in which zone of the prostate?
Peripheral (The biggest zone- 70%)
31
What is the histological composition of the glands within the prostate?
Basal layer of low cuboidal epithelium covered by columnar secretory cells
32
What controls the growth and survival of prostate cells?
Testicular androgens
33
(Type 2) 5-alpha-reductase is responsible for what?
Conversion of testosterone to DHT (in the stromal cells of the prostate)
34
What are the contents of prostatic fluid?
PSA Sperminin (helps motility) Proteolytic enzyme
35
At what volume will the bladder create enough pressure to force pass the IUS/EUS to force micturation?
500ml
36
Which metastasis is exclusive to prostate cancer?
Osteosclerosis
37
What is PSA a test for?
Detection of prostate disease (any prostate disease)
38
Name a problem with PSA screening?
We detect many cancers which would never be a problem therefore we overtreat. We can also miss some cancers.
39
Where is the EUS found?
In the deep perineal pouch (in the pelvic floor)
40
Name the 4 parts of the male urethra
``` Preprostatic Prostatic Membranous (intermediate)- Surrounded by skeletal muscle (EUS) Spongy- Surrounded by corpus spongiosum ```
41
What artery/veins supply the urethra?
Inf vesical art/vein Middle rectal art/vein Pudendal art/vein
42
Where does lymph from the urethra drain?
Internal iliac LN's
43
Give the description and relations of the prostate gland
Accessory structure of M reproductive system Inf to bladder Ant to rectum, post to pubic symphisis
44
What is the shape of the prostate?
Inverted cone with large base (connected to bladder) and an narrow apex below the pelvic floor. The two inferiolateral surfaces are in contact with the pelvic floor
45
Where do the glands in the prostate drain to?
The prostate sinuses (in prostatic part of urethra)
46
What does the anterior fibromuscular region of the prostate consist of?
Smooth muscle and fibrous tissue
47
Which regions of the prostate contain most glands?
Central and peripheral regions
48
What structure contains the prostate and causes build up of pressure on the urethra when the prostate grows?
Fibrous capsule around prostate
49
Which enzyme converts testosterone to DHT in the prostate?
Type II 5-alpha reductase
50
Which zone of the prostate gland surround the urethra?
Transition Zone
51
Which enzyme activates PSA?
Human kallikrien 2 (hK2)
52
Name 4 causes of cloudy urine:
Kidney damage (leaked proteins) UTI or bladder infection Kidney stones Sperm (retrograde ejaculation) or vaginal discharge
53
What is a dynamic isotope renogram?
Radioactive compound injected into venous system and gamma camera is used to measured clearance Allows monitoring of kidney function
54
What do patients with kidney damage experience anaemia?
Lowered EPO production
55
Where is PSA produced?
Epithelial prostatic cells
56
How do PSA levels change with age?
Rise | so must always correct levels for age
57
Name 5 pathological causes of raised PSA?
BPH Acute urinary retention/ urinary catheter insertion Prostatis Prostatic cancer
58
What is the pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis?
'Casts'- small blood clots/ cells/ lipids form in the collecting ducts, these are then mineralised to form stones
59
What is hydronephrosis, what symptoms would accompany it?
Dilation of renal calyces due to progessive atrophy (Cause long term renal hypertension) - Severe pain in back/side between ribs and hip
60
What are the common causes of hydronephresis? (5)
Kidney stones BPH/ prostate cancer Pregnancy Bladder cancer
61
What is neurogenic bladder dysfunction? What are some common symptoms?
Involuntary release from full bladder - Constant overflow dribbling - Often also erectile dysfunction in M (Large post void residual volume confirms Diagx)
62
What are the three regions of the ureters most likely to contain a kidney stone?
1- Uretopelvic junction 2- Pelvic inlet 3- Entrance to bladder
63
In which prostatic region is the internal urethral sphincter found?
Pre-prostatic
64
What features of a DRE suggest BPH rather than prostatic cancer?
Firm (but not hard) | Smooth (not nodular)
65
What features of the prostate gland suggest carcinoma?
Hard not firm | Nodular
66
What tests could be done to help diagnose BPH?
``` PSA antigen (corrected for age) Urine analysis(infection/ haematuria)/ flow measurement Ultrasound Abdo exam (palpable bladder) ```
67
What is IPSS?
International prostate system score 0-7 = Mild symptoms 20-35= Severe symptoms
68
What should the first line response be to BPH with mild symptoms where malignancy has been excluded?
Watchful waiting
69
How do alpha-1a antagonists work? | What P are offered these drugs?
Treat symptoms of retention Reduce muscle tone in neck of bladder - Px offered if IPSS > 8
70
Name 5 alpha-1 antagonist drugs:
``` Tamsulosin (Specific to alpha 1a) Prazosin Doxazocin Terazocin Alfuzocin ```
71
Name two 5-alpha reductase blockers:
Finasteride | Dutasteride
72
What is a normal creatinine clearance?
60-180ml/min
73
Presence of both protein and blood on a urine dipstick is confirmation of:
Kidney disease
74
When male to male transmission is seen an an inherited disease what type of disease can it not be?
X-Linked
75
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the kidney as a result of bacterial infection.
76
What is the most common inherited cause of serious renal disease and how is it transmitted?
Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant PKD1 and PKD2 genes
77
What is the most common presentation of Px with PKD?
Failure to concentrate urine (fluid loss) Nocturia/ haematuria Loin pain Kidney enlargement/ hypertension
78
What is the definition of BPH?
Increased size of prostate with no malignancy present | Likely to be failure of apoptosis
79
What is the most common age and ethnicity of presentation in BPH?
Over 60's (Age single biggest risk factor) | Afro-carribean
80
BPH affects the QoL of X% of people in their 50's and Y% of people in their 90's?
``` X= 40% Y= 90% ```
81
What is the pathophysiology of BPH?
Increased proportion of oestrogen with age (due to less testosterone) This leads to upregulation of DHT androgen receptors
82
Name 8 symptoms of BPH?
Nocturia/ urinary retention/ poid void dribbling Dificulty in initiating micturation/ variability in force Haematuria/ pain on urination/ cloudy urine (severe) CKD symptoms
83
What is the definition of incontinence?
Inability to voluntarily control urination
84
Why can incontinence been seen in diseases such as Alzehimers?
Loss of CNS inhibition so micturation reflex remains automatic
85
By what process does urine move down the ureter from the kidney to the bladder?
Peristalsis | ureter approx 30cm long
86
How do the ureters pass into the bladder and why is this?
Through a slit | - Helps prevent backflow
87
What is the uretorenal reflex?
Pain in ureter causes constriction of renal arterioles to reduce flow into the kidney (and therefore out in urine)
88
What is a self regenerative contraction?
Initial contraction causes further contractions
89
What is thought to be the cause of decreased apoptosis in BPH?
Increased androgen stimulation (via increased numbers of receptors)
90
Where is the enzyme T2 5 alpha reductase found?
Stromal cells of prostate
91
Where does DHT bind?
Nuclear androgen receptor (AR) present in both stromal and epithelial prostate cells
92
What effects does DHT have when it binds to it's receptor?
Upregulates growth factors and their receptors | E.g FGF-7/ FGF-1/2 and TGFbeta
93
Why do patients with BPH experiences increased numbers of UTI's?
Retained urine acts as a reservoir for bacteria growth as it is not cleared
94
Name 5 things found in the secretions of the prostate gland?
``` Simple sugars (99%) Protease enzymes (including PSA) Prostatic acid phosphatase Beta-microseminoprotein (immunoglobulin) Zinc (anti-microbial) ```

Semester 4 (NME) (24 decks)

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