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Semester 4 (NME) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve supplies SNS innervation to the foregut?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves (T5 to T9)

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2
Q

What nerves supplies PNS innervation to the foregut?

A

Vagus

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3
Q

What nerve supplies SNS innervation to the midgut?

A

Lesser splanchnic (T9 to T11)

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4
Q

What nerve supplies PNS innervation to the midgut?

A

Vagus

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5
Q

What nerve supplies SNS innervation to the hindgut?

A

Lumbar splanchnic (T12-L2)

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6
Q

What nerve supplies PNS innervation to the hindgut?

A

Pelvic splanchnic (S2-S4)

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7
Q

What hiatus’ are found in the diaphragm?

A

T8- Inferior Vena Cava
T10- Oesophagus and vagus nerve
T12- Abdominal aorta and azygous/ hemiazygous vein, thoracic duct

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8
Q

Name 3 distinguishing characteristics of a lumbar vertebrae?

A

Fat bodies
Big quadrangular spinous process (point straight)
Triangle foreamen

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9
Q

What are the right and left crura of the diaphragm?

Crus

A

From inf diagram to vertebral bodies

Meet in the midline to form the median arcurate ligament which surrounds the aorta

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10
Q

What is the name of the triangle of smooth muscle in the bladder, what are its corners?

A

Trigone

Urethra and L/R ureters entering at an oblique

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11
Q

In the pelvic the ureters are crossed by what? (In M and F)

A

M: Ductus deferens
F: Uterine artery

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12
Q

What key ligament anchors the bladder, where does it attach?

A

Median umbilical ligament

From apex of bladder to umbilicus

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13
Q

The base (fundus) of the bladder is what shape and points in what direction?

A

Inverted triangle

Base points posterioinferiorly

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14
Q

What tissue surrounds the bladder?

A

Endopelvic fascia (loose fatty areolar tissue)

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15
Q

What is the most inferior part of the bladder and how is it secured?

A

Neck (most fixed part of bladder)- When bladder fills it enlarges upwards
In M: Puboprostatic ligament
In F: Pubovesical ligament

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16
Q

What is the most inferior part of the bladder and how is it secured?

A

Neck (most fixed part of bladder)- When bladder fills it enlarges upwards
In M: Puboprostatic ligament (Paired fibromuscular band)
In F: Pubovesical ligament (Paired fibromuscular band)

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17
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the bladder and what type of muscle is it? What feature allows it to stretch?

A 
Detrusor muscle 
Smooth muscle (PNS makes it contract, SNS= relax)
Contains rugae so it can distend without rise in internal pressure
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18
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

Changes between columnar and squamous

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19
Q

What artery/ veins supplies the bladder?

A

Sup vesicle art/vein and inf vesicle art/vein (M)/Vaginal art/vein (F)
From internal iliac artery

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20
Q

What supplies PNS to the bladder?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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21
Q

What supplies SNS to the bladder?

A

Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2) = Relaxation (urinary retention)

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22
Q

What supplies somatic innervation to the bladder?

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

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23
Q

What are the 5 layers of the bladder wall?

A 
Mucosa
Submucosa
Inner longitudinal muscle layer
Circular muscle layer
Outer longitudinal muscle layer
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24
Q

What forms the IUS in females?

A

The 3 layers of the detrusor muscle

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25
Q

What two glands surround the external urethral orifice in females?

A

Skene’s muscus glands

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26
Q

What does the urethra pass through in the pelvic floor?

A

Urogential diaphragm

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27
Q

What makes the trigone different to the rest of the bladder?

A

No rugae

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28
Q

At what level does the ureter cross the pelvic brim?

A

Where the common iliac bifurcates

L5/S1

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29
Q

What vessel does blood supply to the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

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30
Q

What vessel does blood supply to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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31
Q

What vessel does blood supply to the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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32
Q

What vessel does blood supply to the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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33
Q

The greater splanchinc nerve comes from which levels and leads to which ganglion? What does it supply?

A

T5-T9
Coeliac ganglion
Stomach/ liver/ pancreas/ suprarenal glands/ bile duct

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34
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve comes from which levels, leads to which ganglion and supplies what?

A

T10-T11
Aortico-renal ganlion
(Does kindeys and ureters)

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35
Q

The least splanchnic nerve comes from which levels, leads to which ganglion and supplies what?

A

T12
Superior mesenteric ganglion (joined by lesser splanchnic also)
ALL MIDGUT

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36
Q

The lumbar splanchnic nerve comes from which levels, leads to which ganglion and supplies what?

A

L1-L3
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Colon

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37
Q

The hypogastric nerve comes from which levels, leads to which ganglion and supplies what?

A

L4-L5
Hypogastric ganglion
Rectum, bladder, prostate

38
Q

The sacral nerves come from which nerve roots? What purpose do they serve?

A

S1-S4

Also supply rectum, bladder and prostate

39
Q

How do hypogastric and sacral nerves join?

A

Sacral plexus meets nerves from the POST GANGLIONIC hypogastric nerves
(Supplies bladder, prostate and rectum)

40
Q

The sympathetic chain and its splanchnic nerve branches contain which of the below?
Afferent fibres —- Efferent fibres — Both — None

A

Both

41
Q

The inferior thyroid artery comes from where?

A

Subclavian - Thyrocervical trunk - Inf thyroid

42
Q

The superior thyroid artery is a branch of…?

A

The external carotid artery

43
Q

The ureter begins its descent to the bladder by running along the medial aspect of which muscle?

A

Psoas Major

44
Q

The longitudinal muscle layer of the large intestine forms three distinct muscle bands. What are these bands of muscle called?

A

Teniae Coli

45
Q

Which blood vessels supply the liver with blood?

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

46
Q

What is the main type of cell in the liver?

A

Hepatocyte

47
Q

From which spinal segments do the parasympathetic nerves that supply the anal and urethral sphincters arise?

A

S2/S3/S4

48
Q

Which nerve supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal

49
Q

What are the attachements of the greater omentum?

A

Greater curve of stomach

Transverse colon

50
Q

What are the three main divisions of the coeliac artery?

A

Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic

51
Q

What is the name for the smooth muscle in the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor

52
Q

At which vertebral level does the oesophagus begin?

A

C5/C6

53
Q

What are the 4 layers of the adrenal glands and what does each layer produce?

A

Zona glomerulosa- Aldosterone
Zona Fasiculata- Cortisol
Zona Reticularis- Sex steroids (DHEA/ androstenedione)
Medulla- Noradrenaline/ adrenaline (Symp stimulation)

54
Q

Where would you find the transpyloric plane?

A

Hand breath under xipisternum

Above subcostal plane

55
Q

What are the names of the 4 planes use to create the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Subcostal plane
Transtubercular plane
R midclavicular plane
L midclavicular plane

56
Q

What is the roof of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

57
Q

What are langers lines?

A

Cleavage lines in the skin show the orientation of collagen fibres in the dermis
Surgically always cut parallell to lines

58
Q

Which direction to langers lines run in the abdomen?

A

Horizontally

59
Q

What are the layers (running superficial to deep) of the anterior abdominal wall?

A 
Skin- Epidermis and dermis (with BV's/ nerves)
Superficial fascia- Campers/ Scarpa's
Deep fascia- thin connective tissue
Flat muscles x3
Vertical muscles x2
60
Q

What are the two layers of the superficial fascia of the ant abdominal wall?

A

(Skin)
CAMPER’S - Outer fat
SCARPA’S- Inner membranous layer (lower 1/3 only)
(Deep fascia)

61
Q

What are the three flat muscles of the ant abdominal wall?

A 
External oblique (fibres infromedial)
Internal oblique (fibres superiomedial)
Transversus abdominis (transverse fibres)
All aponeourose in midline to form LINEA ALBA
62
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

An aponeurosis in the midline of the ant abdo wall, formed by the interwoven fibres of the three flat muscles

63
Q

What are the two vertical muscles of the ant abdo wall?

A 
Rectus abdominis (forms '6 pack')
Pyramidalis (triangle, superficial to RA, base attaches to pubis)
64
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Formed by apenurosis of the three flat muscles, it encloses rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

65
Q

What makes up the ant and post walls of the rectus sheath above the costal margin?

A

Ant: External oblique only

Post; Ribcage

66
Q

What makes up the ant and post walls of the rectus sheath between costal margin and ASIS?

A

Ant: External and half internal oblique

Post : Half internal oblique and transversus abdominis

67
Q

What makes up the ant and post walls of the rectus sheath below the ASIS?

A 
All three (external/ internal oblique and transversus abdominis) move to anterior wall
NO POST WALL
68
Q

Which arteries and veins supply the ant abdominal wall?

A

Sup epigastric art/ vein

Inf epigastric art/ vein

69
Q

What innervates the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Thoraco-abdominal nerves

From ant of 7-11th intercostal nerves

70
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum and what are they made of?

A

Visceral and parietal
Made of simple squamous epithelium
(KNOWN AS MESOTHELIUM)

71
Q

What is the term for increased volume of perioneal fluid?

A

Acscities

72
Q

What is the lesser sac of the abdomen?

A 
The omental bursa
Lesser omentum (less curve stomach - liver)
Greater omentum (greater curve of stomach and then over intestines)
73
Q

What is the greater sac of the periotenum?

A

The general cavity of the abdomen

74
Q

What is the role of the epiploic foreamen?

A

Connects greater and lesser sacs of the abdomen

75
Q

What is the mesentary?

A

A fold of peritoneum on the post abdo wall which attaches organs to the abdo wall

76
Q

What is an intraperitoneal organ?

9 examples

A

Completely covered in visceral peritoneum

Stomach, liver, spleen, first 5cm duodenum, jejunum, cecum, appendix, transverse and sigmoid colons

77
Q

What is a retroperiotneal organ?

10 examples

A

Only have peritoneum anteriorly
(2nd part duodenum, ascending and descending colon, pancreas (except tail), kidneys, adrenals, uterus, IVC, aorta, oesophagus)

78
Q

What vein drains the foregut?

A

Hepatic portal vein

79
Q

What vein drains the midgut?

A

Hepatic portal vein

80
Q

What vein drains the hindgut?

A

Heaptic portal vein

81
Q

What are the start and end points of the foregut?

A

Mouth to duodenum major papillae

82
Q

What are the start and end points of the midgut?

A

Duodenal major papillae to 2/3 along transverse colon

83
Q

What are the start and end points of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

84
Q

What is an enema?

A

Fluid injection into the colon via the rectum

85
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta split into the common iliac’s?

A

L4

86
Q

At what level does the IVC form?

A

L5

87
Q

The left and right Kidneys lie between which vertebral levels?

A

Left: T11-L2
Right: T12-L3

88
Q

Free fluid in the abdomen must come from which type of organ?

A

Intraperitoneal

89
Q

What is an alternative name for, and where is the pouch of douglas?

A

Recto-uterine pouch
(Between uterus and rectum)
Extension of peritoneum

90
Q

How does the appendix recieve blood supply?

A

From the appendicular artery

  • Travels down appendix
  • So if inflammation then the artery is occluded and the tissue becomes necrosed
91
Q

What are the first and second most common positions to find the appendix in?

A

1) Retrocecal

2) Pelvic

Semester 4 (NME) (24 decks)

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