Prostate Flashcards
What artery supplies the prostate?
Inferior vesical artery with branches from the internal iliac artery
What are the borders of the prostate?
Anterior – pubic bone
Posterior – rectum
Superior – bladder
Inferior – urogenital diaphragm
What is the apex of the prostate?
Inferior portion of the gland situated superior to the urogenital diaphragm
Where is the base of the prostate?
Superior portion of the gland situated below the inferior margin of the urinary bladder
What are the seminal vesicles?
2 sac-like outpouchings of the vas deferens situated adjacent to the superior/posterior aspect of the prostate between the urinary bladder and rectum
What are the ejaculatory ducts?
Duct that passes through the central zone and empties into urethra
What is the verumontanum?
Longitudinal ridge within the urethra in which the orifices of the ejaculatory ducts are located on either side
What is the corpora amylacea?
Calcifications in the inner gland of the prostate
What is the surgical capsule of the prostate?
Demarcation between the inner gland and the outer gland
What is the Eiffel tower sign?
Shadowing created by calcification in the area of the urethra and verumontanum
What are the three zones of the prostate by McNeal?
Peripheral
Central
Transitional
Fibromuscular stroma
Where is the peripheral zone in the prostate?
Posteriorly and extends into the apex of the prostate
Contains 70% of the prostatic glandular tissue
Where is the central zone of the prostate?
Superior
Contains 25% of the glandular tissue
Where is the transitional zone of the prostate?
Between the central zone and fibromuscular stroma
Contains 5% of the glandular tissue
Where is the fibromuscular stroma of the prostate?
Anteriorly
Contains non-glandular tissue
What is the classification or grading of prostate cancers?
Gleason Grading system
How is the Gleason score obtained?
Microscopic appearance
How is transrectal ultrasound oriented?
The image is inverted to maintain standard medical imaging orientation, the rectum is displayed at the bottom of the screen
What are risk factors for prostate cancer?
Age – older than 65 years
Race – African-American
Genetics – first-degree relatives
When is PSA increased?
Prostate cancer
BPH
Prostatitis
What is the classic appearance of prostate cancer on ultrasound?
Hypoechoic, peripherally oriented lesion
Which method of prostate biopsy is used to diagnose prostate cancer?
Parasagittal sextant biopsy
Traditional sextant biopsy plus additional biopsy cores (10 total)
What are the stages of prostate cancer?
1 – Clinically nonpalpable
2 – Palpable nodule confined to prostate
3 – Palpable nodule extending through capsule
4 – Mets
What is BPH?
Enlargement of the transitional zone of the prostate
How is prostate volume evaluated?
Ellipsoid formula
Volume = height x width x length x 0.52
What are seminal vesicle cysts?
Seen posterior to the bladder and arises from seminal vesicles cephalic to the prostate gland
What are utricle cysts?
Teardrop shape with the midline location at the level of the verumontanum and associated with hypospadias
What do ejaculatory duct cysts cause?
Hematospermia, ejaculatory pain and infertility
