Miscellaneous Flashcards

0
Q

What is the most reliable finding in patients with abscesses?

A

Presence of fever

Increased WBC count

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1
Q

How does an abscess appear on ultrasound?

A

Complex mass

Debris, septations and gas can be seen within

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2
Q

In the absence of gas within a collection, how is an abscess differentiated from a hematoma?

A

Percutaneous aspiration

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3
Q

What is a biloma?

A

Extrahepatic collections of extravasated bile

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4
Q

How do bilomas appear on ultrasound?

A

Cystic masses located in the RUQ

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5
Q

What surgeries result in the complication of a lymphocele?

A

Renal transplantation
Gynecological surgery
Vascular surgery
Urological surgery

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6
Q

What is a lymphocele?

A

Leakage of lymph from a renal allograft, or by a surgical disruption of the lymphatic channels

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7
Q

What is a urinoma?

A

Collection of urine which is located outside of the kidney or bladder

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8
Q

What are urinomas most commonly associated with?

A

Renal transplantation

Posterior urethral valve obstruction

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9
Q

How does a urinoma appear on ultrasound?

A

Loculated fluid collection

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10
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Spectrum of disorders affecting the proximal femur and acetabulum that leads to hip subluxation and dislocation

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11
Q

What are risk factors for hip dysplasia?

A
Female
Firstborn
Frank breech presentation
Family history
Oligohydramnios
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12
Q

Which hip is DDH three times more common?

A

Left hip

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13
Q

What are the two stress maneuvers of the hip?

A

Barlow – dislocation of the hip by adducting and pushing the legs posteriorly
Ortolani – relocation of the dislocated hip by abducting the leg

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14
Q

What are the two groups of neoplasms in lymphoma?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Hodgkin’s disease

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15
Q

How do lymph nodes appear sonographically?

A

Anechoic/hypoechoic mass containing a central echogenic foci

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16
Q

What is the “sandwich” or “mantle” sign?

A

Presence of perivessel lymphoma

17
Q

Where do lymphomatous nodules typically cluster?

A

Anterior and posterior to linear structures such as the aorta, IVC and SMA

18
Q

What are associated findings with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A
Nodal masses
Fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Splenomegaly 
Hepatomegaly
Cytopenia
Abdominal mass causing bowel obstruction
Hydronephrosis due to retroperitoneal nodes
19
Q

What are two mechanisms that produce ascites?

A

Low serum osmotic pressure – protein loss

High portal venous pressure

20
Q

What are causes of ascites?

A

Cirrhosis
Renal failure
Congestive heart failure
Cancer

21
Q

What is pseudomyxoma peritonei?

A

Malignancy characterized by the progressive accumulation of mucus secreting tumor cells within the peritoneum

22
Q

How does pseudomyxoma peritonei appear on ultrasound?

A

Bowel loops are seen matted to the posterior abdominal wall

23
Q

What is most commonly associated with cancer of the appendix?

A

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

24
Q

How is an adominal paracentesis performed with ultrasound?

A

Area of abdominal fluid (midline or lateral) is localized avoiding the epigastric vessels bilateral on the mammary line

25
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid within the plural space

26
Q

What causes transudative effusions?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Heart failure – Most common cause
Liver failure – Cirrhosis
Renal failure – Nephrotic syndrome

27
Q

What causes exudative effusions?

A

Increased capillary permeability
Pneumonia
Cancer
PE

28
Q

What is the laboratory analysis of pleural effusions?

A
Total protein
LDH
Cell count and differential
Gram stain
Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures
Cytology
29
Q

How is pneumothorax identified on ultrasound?

A

Absence of gliding of the parietal and visceral pleura and presence of a comet tail artifact

30
Q

How is thoracentesis performed with ultrasound?

A

Dorsal intercostal space is selected superior to the visualized diaphragm
Needle insertion is on the superior aspect of the rib
Pleural fluid is aspirated slowly as not to exceed 1.5 L per day

31
Q

What is a Baker’s cyst?

A

Collection of synovial fluid in the popliteal fossa

32
Q

What are causes of a Baker’s cyst?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Overuse of the knees

33
Q

What is a giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath?

A

Second most common tumor of the hand and wrist

34
Q

How does a giant cell tumor appear on ultrasound?

A

Solid masses that may have varying appearances

Beware of cystic appearing masses that do not have sound enhancement

35
Q

What forms the linea alba?

A

The rectus sheath encasing the rectus abdominis muscles

36
Q

Where is the arcuate line?

A

Midway between the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis where the posterior wall of the sheath ends

37
Q

What causes a rectal sheath hematoma?

A

Bleeding from the superior or inferior epigastric vessels or from a tear of the rectus muscle

38
Q

What determines the location of a rectal sheath hematoma?

A

The linea alba and the arcuate line

39
Q

What space will a rectus muscle hematoma extend into if it is inferior to the arcuate line?

A

Space of Retzius

Causes external compression and irritation of the urinary bladder

40
Q

What causes rectal sheath hematomas?

A
External trauma
Trauma from surgery
Vigorous muscle contraction
Valsalva with severe coughing/vomiting
Pregnancy
Anticoagulation therapy