Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards
Define altruism.
A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for your self-interests.
What is helping behaviour?
An intentional behaviour where a person assists others.
Define prosocial behaviour.
Any behaviour that benefits or positively affects individuals or groups.
Explain social-exchange theory.
Human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise rewards and minimise costs.
Define egoism.
A motive to increase your own welfare.
What is the opposite of altruism?
Egoism.
Define flourishing.
A state of optimal functioning, or, not surviving, but thriving.
Define resilience.
The ability to adapt positively to difficult circumstances like risk or adversity.
What is a reciprocal norm?
An expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
What is social capital?
The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network.
What is a social-responsibility norm?
An expectation that people will help those needing help.
Explain kin selection.
The idea that evolution has selected altruism towards you close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
Define empathy.
The vicarious experience of another’s feelings.
Explain the bystander effect.
The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.
What is embeddedness?
A cultural norm that involves maintaining the status quo and restraining any behaviours that might disrupt tradition or ingroup solidarity.
What is extrinsic religiosity?
A type of religiosity where religion is a means to an end rather than being meaningful in itself.
Define questing.
A type of religiosity which is open to exploring issues of faith.
What is intrinsic religiosity?
A type of religiosity where a person finds meaning in their beliefs and sees those beliefs as guiding principles for the way that they live.
Explain the door-in-the-face technique.
A strategy for gaining a concession, where after someone turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers a more reasonable request.
Define moral inclusion.
Regarding others as within your circle of moral concern.
Define moral exclusion.
The perception of certain individuals or groups as being outside the boundary within which you apply moral values and rules of fairness.
Explain the overjustification effect.
Seeing actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing after bribing people to do something they already like to do.
What is the difference between altruism and helping behaviour?
Helping behaviour does not necessarily come from an altruistic motive.
Give four acts (excluding helping behaviour and altruism) that demonstrate prosocial behaviour.
Courtesy, cooperation, sharing and affirming others.
According to social-exchange theory, do we consciously monitor costs and rewards?
No.
What did Piliavin develop?
A social-exchange model to explain why we may or may not help another person in an emergency situation.
Give the original three steps of the Piliavin social-exchange model.
Bystanders experience physiological arousal when they witness an emergency, they feel motivated to reduce the unpleasant arousal, and then decide whether or not to help.
What kind of action do bystanders normally take, according to Piliakin?
Action which will quickly reduce their arousal at a minimum of cost.
In Piliakin’s model, what do bystanders weigh up before they decide whether or not to help?
The costs of helping and the costs of not helping the victim.
Volunteering benefits ___ and ___.
Morale and health.
Which brain areas does donating activate?
Ones associated with reward.
Krebs found people who gave the most help to people in distress, who were they?
American male university students whose physiological responses and self-reports revealed the most arousal in response to another’s distress.
