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Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Define altruism.

A

A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for your self-interests.

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2
Q

What is helping behaviour?

A

An intentional behaviour where a person assists others.

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3
Q

Define prosocial behaviour.

A

Any behaviour that benefits or positively affects individuals or groups.

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4
Q

Explain social-exchange theory.

A

Human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise rewards and minimise costs.

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5
Q

Define egoism.

A

A motive to increase your own welfare.

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6
Q

What is the opposite of altruism?

A

Egoism.

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7
Q

Define flourishing.

A

A state of optimal functioning, or, not surviving, but thriving.

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8
Q

Define resilience.

A

The ability to adapt positively to difficult circumstances like risk or adversity.

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9
Q

What is a reciprocal norm?

A

An expectation that people will help those who have helped them.

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10
Q

What is social capital?

A

The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network.

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11
Q

What is a social-responsibility norm?

A

An expectation that people will help those needing help.

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12
Q

Explain kin selection.

A

The idea that evolution has selected altruism towards you close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.

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13
Q

Define empathy.

A

The vicarious experience of another’s feelings.

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14
Q

Explain the bystander effect.

A

The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.

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15
Q

What is embeddedness?

A

A cultural norm that involves maintaining the status quo and restraining any behaviours that might disrupt tradition or ingroup solidarity.

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16
Q

What is extrinsic religiosity?

A

A type of religiosity where religion is a means to an end rather than being meaningful in itself.

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17
Q

Define questing.

A

A type of religiosity which is open to exploring issues of faith.

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18
Q

What is intrinsic religiosity?

A

A type of religiosity where a person finds meaning in their beliefs and sees those beliefs as guiding principles for the way that they live.

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19
Q

Explain the door-in-the-face technique.

A

A strategy for gaining a concession, where after someone turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers a more reasonable request.

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20
Q

Define moral inclusion.

A

Regarding others as within your circle of moral concern.

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21
Q

Define moral exclusion.

A

The perception of certain individuals or groups as being outside the boundary within which you apply moral values and rules of fairness.

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22
Q

Explain the overjustification effect.

A

Seeing actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing after bribing people to do something they already like to do.

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23
Q

What is the difference between altruism and helping behaviour?

A

Helping behaviour does not necessarily come from an altruistic motive.

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24
Q

Give four acts (excluding helping behaviour and altruism) that demonstrate prosocial behaviour.

A

Courtesy, cooperation, sharing and affirming others.

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25
According to social-exchange theory, do we consciously monitor costs and rewards?
No.
26
What did Piliavin develop?
A social-exchange model to explain why we may or may not help another person in an emergency situation.
27
Give the original three steps of the Piliavin social-exchange model.
Bystanders experience physiological arousal when they witness an emergency, they feel motivated to reduce the unpleasant arousal, and then decide whether or not to help.
28
What kind of action do bystanders normally take, according to Piliakin?
Action which will quickly reduce their arousal at a minimum of cost.
29
In Piliakin's model, what do bystanders weigh up before they decide whether or not to help?
The costs of helping and the costs of not helping the victim.
30
Volunteering benefits ___ and ___.
Morale and health.
31
Which brain areas does donating activate?
Ones associated with reward.
32
Krebs found people who gave the most help to people in distress, who were they?
American male university students whose physiological responses and self-reports revealed the most arousal in response to another's distress.
33
What does our need to do good after doing bad reflect? (3)
Our need to reduce private guilt, and restore a positive public image and self-image.
34
Guilt boosts ___ and sustains ___ ___.
Sensitivity, close relationships.
35
Give a drawback of prosocial behaviour motivated by guilt.
People make reparations to someone they wronged at the expense of others in their social environment.
36
Low levels of gratitude and forgiveness are associated with:
Depression.
37
The feel bad-do good effect occurs with people whose attention is on:
Others.
38
What kind of relationship does helping behaviour have with grief?
Helping behaviour causing no reduction of early grief, but later on it is associated with a large reduction.
39
Helping ___ a bad mood and ___ a good mood.
Lessens, sustains.
40
Explain the broaden-and-build theory.
Positive emotions tend to broaden our thought-action repertoires.
41
What does broadening our though-action repertoires do?
Facilitate the development of personal resources that can help us in the future.
42
Which group of people gains the greatest boost to positive emotions when helping others: flourishers, non-flourishers, or depressed.
Flourishers.
43
Who developed the reciprocity norm?
Gouldner.
44
What can occur when people cannot reciprocate aid?
They may feel threatened and demeaned, especially if they have high self-esteem.
45
Which norm is associated with helping people who are unable to reciprocate?
The social-responsibility norm.
46
What does helping depend on? (2)
Seriousness of the situation and our relationship with the victim.
47
Genetic selfishness should predispose us towards two specific types of selfness:
Kin protection and reciprocity.
48
What does genetic egoism foster?
Parental altruism.
49
Kin selection predisposes what:
Ethnic ingroup favouritism.
50
In what kind of group does reciprocity work best?
Small, isolated groups.
51
Who is responsible for the concept of group selection?
Darwin.
52
Explain group selection.
When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of nonaltruists.
53
Group selection operates at both ___ and ___ levels.
Individual and group.
54
What two factors did Batson theorise that our willingness to help is influenced by?
Both self-serving and selfless considerations.
55
Give evidence that empathy causes helping behaviour. (3)
Infants will help an unfamiliar adult, empathetic people donate more, and if empathic feelings are aroused people help more.
56
What was Schaller and Cialdini's conclusion about empathy?
If we know something else will make us feel better, we aren't as likely to help.
57
Define compassion fatigue.
A natural stressful consequence resulting from helping a person who is suffering.
58
What did Gough think compassion fatigue could also be though of?
Empathy fatigue.
59
In which people is compassion fatigue especially evident?
People who work with trauma victims, and volunteer counsellors.
60
Give four positive outcomes of empathy-induced altruism.
It produces sensitive helping, inhibits aggression, increases cooperation, and improves attitudes towards stigmatised groups.
61
Give four liabilities of empathy-induced altruism.
It can be harmful, can't address all needs, burns out, and feeds favouritism, injustice and indifference to the larger common good.
62
What situational factor did Latane and Darley find decreased bystander intervention?
The presence of other bystanders.
63
Why does the presence of other bystanders inhibit helping? (3)
As the number of bystanders increases, bystanders are less likely to notice the incident, less likely to interpret the incident as a problem, and less likely to assume responsibility for taking action.
64
Define the illusion of transparency.
A tendency to overestimate others' ability to read our internal states.
65
Define pluralistic ignorance.
Ignorance that others are thinking and feeling what we are.
66
Why is the bystander effect lessened or reversed in some situations?
Dangerous situations are less likely to be misinterpreted, people are more likely to experience arousal in them, other bystanders can provide support, and some situations call for cooperation amongst bystanders.
67
The social psychologist has a twofold ethical obligation:
Protect the participants and enhance human welfare by discovering influence on human behaviour.
68
What is Haidt responsible for?
Elevation.
69
What is elevation?
A distinctive feeling in the chest of warmth and expansion, which inspires people to be more generous.
70
Why are we more helpful and empathetic towards those similar to us?
Because similarity is conductive to liking, and liking is conductive to helping.
71
Why will White people sometimes not help Black people?
If their responsibility is diffused among bystanders.
72
People high in what three personality traits are most likely to be concerned and helpful?
Positive emotionality, empathy and self-efficacy.
73
How does personality predict altruism? (3)
Individual differences, network of traits, and particular situations.
74
Knafo found a ___ correlation between embeddedness and helping behaviour.
Negative.
75
According to Latane and Darley, helping should increase if: (2)
We can prompt people to correctly interpret an incident and assume responsibility.
76
Define gratitude.
The appreciation experienced by individuals when somebody does something kind or helpful for them.
77
How does gratitude enhance connectedness and social bonds?
It helps people form and maintain relationships and creates a general feeling of goodwill.
78
Froh argued that gratitude has a:
Energising and motivating quality.
79
Give one reason why gratitude promotes prosocial behaviour.
It makes helpers feel that they are socially valued.
80
Why is forgiveness a social facilitator?
Because the person who forgives is more likely to act in ways that help maintain and repair relationships after damaging events, rather than seeking harm for the transgressor.
81
Define forgiveness.
The willful giving up of resentment n the face of another's considerable injustice and responding with beneficence to the offender even though that offender has no right to the forgiver's moral goodness.

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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