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Social Psychology > Prejudice > Flashcards

Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

Define prejudice.

A

A preconcieved negative judgement of a group and its individual members.

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2
Q

Define stereotype.

A

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people.

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3
Q

Stereotypes are sometimes: (3)

A

Overgeneralised, inaccurate and resistant to new information.

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4
Q

Define discrimination.

A

Unjustified negative behaviour towards a group or its members.

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5
Q

How did Allport define prejudice?

A

An antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalisation.

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6
Q

Why is an accurate stereotype desirable?

A

Because it is sensitivity to diversity, and lets people know what to expect and how to get along with people in other cultures.

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7
Q

Prejudice is a negative ___, discrimination is negative ___.

A

Attitude, behaviour.

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8
Q

Define racism.

A

An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour towards people of an ethnicity or race.

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9
Q

Define sexism.

A

An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour towards people of a given gender.

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10
Q

Give some examples of modern prejudice.

A

Viewing English brand names as more purchasable than Chinese brand names, Aboriginal people are seen as less approachable, and Anglo-Saxon names are more likely to receive job offers.

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11
Q

What do pictures of outgroups that elicit the most disapproval (homeless people, drug addicts) do to the brain?

A

Activate areas associated with disgust and avoidance.

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12
Q

Which brain areas are associated with automatic prejudice?

A

The amygdala or other areas associated with fear.

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13
Q

Norms are ___, stereotypes are ___.

A

Prescriptive, descriptive.

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14
Q

Which is stronger, ethnic stereotypes or gender stereotypes.

A

Gender stereotypes.

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15
Q

Why do some evolutionary psychologists believe gender stereotypes reflect an innate and stable reality?

A

The persistence and omnipresence of them.

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16
Q

Do most people (of both sexes) like women more or men more?

A

Women.

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17
Q

Explain Eagly’s women-are-wonderful effect.

A

Women are perceived as more understanding, kind and helpful, a favourable stereotype which results in a favourable attitude.

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18
Q

Give an example of benevolent sexism.

A

Women are much more supportive than men.

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19
Q

Give an example of hostile sexism.

A

Women are controlling in marriages.

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20
Q

People who endorse benevolent sexism towards women endorse ____ sexism towards men.

A

Benevolent.

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21
Q

What does an unbalanced sex ratio where there is a male excess predict?

A

More traditional gender roles and higher violence rates.

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22
Q

What does unequal status breed?

A

Prejudice.

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23
Q

We ___ the competence of those high in status and ___ those who agreeably accept a lower status.

A

Respect, like.

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24
Q

What is a social dominance orientation?

A

A motivation to have your group dominate other social groups.

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25
Q

Define ethnocentric.

A

Believing in the superiority of your own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.

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26
Q

What is an authoritarian personality?

A

A personality that is disposed to favour obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.

27
Q

What is authoritarianism related to?

A

Concern with security and control.

28
Q

What is social dominance related to?

A

Your group status.

29
Q

Give two findings that show that religion supports injustice.

A

Church members display more racial prejudice and those professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian beliefs express more prejudice that more progressive people.

30
Q

What did Allport have to say about religion.

A

The role of religion is paradoxical, it makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice.

31
Q

Explain realistic group conflict theory.

A

Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.

32
Q

Explain Gause’s law.

A

Maximum competition will exist between species with identical needs.

33
Q

Define social identity.

A

The ‘we’ aspect of our self-concept that comes from group memberships.

34
Q

Who proposed social identity theory?

A

Tajfel.

35
Q

Give Tafjel’s three observations.

A

We categorise, we identify, and we compare.

36
Q

Define ingroup.

A

A group of people who share a sense of belonging, or a feeling of common identity.

37
Q

Define outgroup.

A

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.

38
Q

Define ingroup bias.

A

The tendency to favour your group.

39
Q

What occurs when people’s personal and social identity become fused?

A

They are more willing to fight and die for their group.

40
Q

What does the ingroup bias support and what does it feed.

A

A positive self-concept and favouritism.

41
Q

When are we most prone to ingroup bias?

A

When the ingroup is small and lower in status compared to the outgroup.

42
Q

Define infrahumanisation.

A

Denying human attributes to outgroups.

43
Q

Define terror management.

A

People’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

44
Q

When do people become more accepting of outgroups?

A

When the need to belong is met.

45
Q

Stereotyped beliefs and attitudes exist not only because of social conditioning and because they enable people to displace hostilities, but also as:

A

By-products of normal thinking processes.

46
Q

Define categorisation.

A

Organising the world by clustering objects into groups.

47
Q

When do we find it especially easy to rely on stereotypes? (5)

A

When we are pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused, or too young to appreciate diversity.

48
Q

What is the evidence that prejudice requires racial categorisation?

A

Prejudiced people take longer to classify people of an ambiguous race.

49
Q

Define the outgroup homogeneity effect.

A

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than ingroup members.

50
Q

What is the own-race bias?

A

The tendency for people to more accurately recognise faces of their own race.

51
Q

Give two other names for the own-race bias.

A

The cross-race effect or the other-race effect.

52
Q

Define stigma consciousness.

A

A person’s expectation of being victimised by prejudice or discrimination.

53
Q

How can perceptions of prejudice be beneficial? (2)

A

They can buffer self-esteem and enhance feelings of social identity.

54
Q

What is the group-serving bias?

A

Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviours and attributing negative behaviours to their dispositions.

55
Q

What is Maass’ linguistic intergroup bias?

A

Positive behaviours by another ingroup member are often described as general dispositions, but when an outgroup member exhibits the same behaviour it is seen as an isolated act.

56
Q

When does blaming occur?

A

When people attribute an outgroup’s failures to the members’ flawed dispositions.

57
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon?

A

The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they got.

58
Q

Prejudgments are:

A

Self-perpetuating.

59
Q

Prejudgments guide: (2)

A

Attention and memories.

60
Q

When are misinterpretations likely?

A

When people expect an unpleasant encounter with you.

61
Q

Define subtyping.

A

Accommodating individuals who deviate from your stereotype by thinking of them as exceptions to the rule.

62
Q

Define subgrouping.

A

Accomodating individuals who deviate from your stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group.

63
Q

Define stereotype threat.

A

A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that you will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

64
Q

How does stereotype threat undermine performance? (3)

A

Stress, self-monitoring and suppressing unwanted thoughts and emotions.

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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