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Social Psychology > Attraction and Intimacy > Flashcards

Attraction and Intimacy Flashcards

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1
Q

Define proximity.

A

Geographical nearness.

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2
Q

Give another name for proximity.

A

Functional distance.

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3
Q

What does proximity powerfully predict?

A

Liking.

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4
Q

Explain the mere-exposure effect.

A

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.

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5
Q

What is the matching phenomenon?

A

The tendency for men and women to choose partners who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits.

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6
Q

Define complementarity.

A

In a relationship with two people, the each complete what is missing in the other.

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7
Q

Define ingratiation.

A

The use of strategies to seek another’s favour.

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8
Q

Explain the reward theory of attraction.

A

We like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us or who we associate with rewarding events.

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9
Q

Define passionate love.

A

A state of intense longing for union with another

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10
Q

How do people experiencing passionate love behave? (3)

A

They are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner’s love and are disconsolate on losing it.

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11
Q

Explain the two-factor theory of emotion.

A

Arousal X its label = emotion.

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12
Q

Define companionate love.

A

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined.

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13
Q

What is model of self?

A

The extent to which a person perceives themselves as worthy of love and care.

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14
Q

What is model of other?

A

The extent to which a person perceives others as trusting and caring.

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15
Q

Explain attachment anxiety.

A

The attachment dimension characterised by a preoccupation with relationships and excessive need for reassurance and approval.

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16
Q

Explain attachment avoidance.

A

The attachment dimension characterised by discomfort with closeness, excessive self-reliance and a distrust of others.

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17
Q

What is preoccupied attachment?

A

Attachment marked by a sense of your own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence and possessiveness.

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18
Q

What is dismissive attachment?

A

An avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others.

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19
Q

What is fearful attachment?

A

An avoidance relationship style marked by fear of rejection.

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20
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy.

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21
Q

Define equity.

A

A condition where the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.

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22
Q

Define self-disclosure.

A

Revealing intimate aspects of yourself to others.

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23
Q

Define intimacy.

A

A feeling of closeness and connection that develops between partners.

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24
Q

What is disclosure reciprocity?

A

The tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.

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25
Q

Define social support.

A

Physical and emotional support provided to another in a time of need.

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26
Q

What is demand-withdrawal?

A

A communication pattern where one person makes demands of another person, while the other withdraws from the conversation.

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27
Q

Explain mutual avoidance.

A

A communication pattern where two people avoid discussing a particular issue or problem.

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28
Q

Define commitment.

A

The desire or intent to persist with a relationship.

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29
Q

Explain personal commitment.

A

A desire and feelings of personal dedication to maintain a relationship.

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30
Q

Explain moral commitment.

A

A person’s feelings of duty, obligation and moral responsibility to continue a relationship.

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31
Q

Explain structural commitment.

A

Maintaining a relationship due to the costs or negative consequences of leaving it.

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32
Q

Define ostracism.

A

Acts of excluding or ignoring.

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33
Q

How do people respond to ostracism? (5)

A

Depressed mood, anxiety, hurt feelings, efforts to restore relationships and eventual withdrawal.

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34
Q

When does exclusion hurt longest?

A

When people are anxious or when it is by a disliked outgroup.

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35
Q

Give an upside to ostracism.

A

When excluded people are given an opportunity to make a new friend, they are eager to take it, and they become more attentive to smiling faces, as well as increased mimicry of others behaviour.

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36
Q

Anticipating what boosts liking?

A

Interaction.

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37
Q

What is the name letter effect?

A

A form of exposure effect where people prefer letters or characters appearing in their own names and those which are most common in their native languages.

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38
Q

The mere exposure effect violates the:

A

Common sense prediction of boredom.

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39
Q

When does familiarity increase contempt?

A

When dissimilarity is perceived.

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40
Q

Define implicit egoism.

A

We like what we associate with ourselves.

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41
Q

Who proposed the Ideal Standards Model? (2)

A

Fletcher and Simpson.

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42
Q

According to the Ideal Standards Model, what is a=our attraction to people based on? (2)

A

Good genes and a good investment.

43
Q

What does it mean to say that someone is a good investment?

A

The person possesses certain resources and is supportive and caring.

44
Q

What does it mean to say that someone has good genes?

A

The person has some genetic advantage that can be passed to offspring.

45
Q

Give some examples of the likeness-leads-to-liking effect.

A

More similar roommates had better friendships, and natural mimicry increases rapport.

46
Q

What does attitude alignment do?

A

Helps promote and sustain close relationships.

47
Q

What can attitude alignment lead to overestimation of?

A

Attitude similarities.

48
Q

Does being told that someone likes you increase your affection for that person?

A

Yes.

49
Q

Why do we often perceive criticism as more sincere than praise?

A

We lose respect for people and wonder if they have ulterior motives if the praise violates what we know to be true.

50
Q

When are attribution processes normally activated? (4)

A

When the behaviour of a relationship partner is viewed as unusual, novel, unpredictable or important.

51
Q

Do attributions only occur in unsatisfying relationships?

A

No, they occur in both satisfying and unsatisfying relationships.

52
Q

What have positive attributions been found to foster?

A

Positive relationship outcomes, like enhanced trust and satisfaction.

53
Q

What did Murray find about self-esteem?

A

People who experience issues of self-esteem are more sensitive to partner rejection and that this can reduce relationship satisfaction.

54
Q

In relationships, what do people with low self-esteem tend to underestimate?

A

How much their partner appreciates them.

55
Q

People with low self-esteem have less ___ views of their partner.

A

Generous.

56
Q

How do people with high self-esteem deal with potential problems?

A

By affirming their partner.

57
Q

How do people with low self-esteem deal with potential problems?

A

They engage in behaviour to reduce closeness and diminish the importance of their partner.

58
Q

Why do people like people who initially disliked them and then came to like them?

A

The reward is more potent.

59
Q

What kind of gain in another’s esteem causes the target to be liked?

A

When the gain occurs gradually and reversed the earlier criticism.

60
Q

According to Murray’s research, who are the happiest couples?

A

Those who idealised each other.

61
Q

How do happily married couples approach problems?

A

Not immediately criticising their partners and finding fault.

62
Q

When are we most likely to make accurate evaluations of our partners?

A

During important relationship decisions, or when deciding how best to predict or control a partner’s behaviour.

63
Q

What kind of communication leads to change of unsatisfactory partner behaviour?

A

Directly communicating dissatisfaction.

64
Q

Mutual attraction flourishes when each partner meets:

A

The other’s unmet needs.

65
Q

Who tested the liking-by-association principle?

A

Lewicki.

66
Q

Name some things the reward theory helps to explain. (4)

A

Proximity, liking attractive people, similarity, and mutual liking.

67
Q

Name the three components of Sternberg’s triangle.

A

Passion, intimacy, and commitment.

68
Q

Name some elements of love that are common to all loving relationships. (3)

A

Mutual understanding, giving and receiving support, and enjoying the loved one’s company/

69
Q

Give some characteristics of passionate love. (3)

A

We express love physically, we expect the relationship to be exclusive, and we are fascinated with our partner.

70
Q

What differences are there in the physical behaviours of a couple who are strongly in love compared to a weaker attachment. (4)

A

They look into each other’s eyes more, nod their heads, smile naturally and lean forwards.

71
Q

Which hormone is associated with romantic feelings?

A

Adrenaline.

72
Q

Do men or women fall in love more easily?

A

Men.

73
Q

Men are more likely to fall out of love more ___ and less likely to:

A

Slowly, break up a premarital romance.

74
Q

Which two hormones trigger male-female bonding?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin.

75
Q

Who developed attachment theory?

A

Bowlby.

76
Q

What three attachment needs do attachment figures fulfill?

A

Proximity seeking, safe haven, and secure base.

77
Q

What is proximity seeking?

A

An attachment need characterised by a desire to seek out an attachment figure when threatened or distressed.

78
Q

What is safe haven?

A

The comfort provided by an attachment figure that makes us feel safe in times of distress.

79
Q

What is secure base?

A

The encouragement and support we receive from an attachment figure when we are faced with threatening life events and situations.

80
Q

Who do we rely on as attachment figures in adulthood? (2)

A

Romantic partners and peers.

81
Q

The intense love of parent and infant qualifies as a form of ___ love.

A

Passionate.

82
Q

What are some similarities in the behaviour of infants and people in love? (4)

A

They welcome physical affection, feel distress when separated, express affection when reunited and enjoy attention and approval.

83
Q

Attachment style is underpinned by two dimensions:

A

Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance.

84
Q

Which attachment style is the result of a relationship history with an attachment figure who provided inconsistent support in times of stress?

A

Attachment anxiety.

85
Q

Which attachment style is the result of a relationship history with an attachment figure who consistently rejects or ignores distress?

A

Attachment avoidance.

86
Q

Individuals high in attachment anxiety demonstrate ___ attachment.

A

Preoccupied.

87
Q

Individuals low in both attachment anxiety and avoidance demonstrate:

A

Dismissive attachment.

88
Q

Individuals high in both attachment anxiety and avoidance demonstrate:

A

Fearful attachment.

89
Q

Give four parts of relationships that attachment style predicts.

A

Communication, partner support, trust and intimacy.

90
Q

What fuels perceive inequity?

A

Marital distress.

91
Q

Explain Rogers’ growth-promoting listeners.

A

People who are genuine in revealing their own feelings, accepting of other’s feelings, and who are empathetic, sensitive, reflective listeners.

92
Q

What kind of visible support is perceived negatively?

A

Overly controlling or interfering.

93
Q

Give the four most common communication patterns used by relationship partners when discussing conflict.

A

Mutual discussion, demand-withdrawal, mutual avoidance, and coercion.

94
Q

How can mutual avoidance be a positive communication strategy? (2)

A

It allows people to calm down before discussing a problem, and it prevents other negative communication patterns from occurring.

95
Q

According to Rusbult, which three factors determine relationship commitment?

A

Satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size.

96
Q

Name Johnson’s three forms of commitment.

A

Personal, moral and structural commitment.

97
Q

Personal commitment is associated with:

A

Relationship satisfaction.

98
Q

Moral commitment is associated with:

A

Increased investment.

99
Q

What are the two costs of moral commitment?

A

Negative affect and physical health issues.

100
Q

What is the cohabitation effect?

A

Lower relationship quality and poorer couple functioning compared to married couples.

101
Q

What distinguishes happy cohabiting couples with unhappy ones?

A

Commitment.

102
Q

The effect of attribution on marital satisfaction is:

A

Unidirectional.

103
Q

Give some factors that increase the likelihood that people will stay married.

A

Marrying after 20, growing up in two-parent homes, dated for a long time, are well and similarly educated, enjoy a stable income, live in a small town/on a farm, did not cohabit before marriage, were not pregnant before marriage, religious commitment, and similar age and faith.

104
Q

Rusbult suggested four ways of coping with a failed relationship, name them.

A

Loyalty, neglect, exit, and voicing concerns.

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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