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Social Psychology > Group Processes and Influence > Flashcards

Group Processes and Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Define group.

A

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another or perceive one another as a group.

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2
Q

Different groups help us to meet different human needs. What are those needs?

A

Affiliation, achievement, and social identity needs.

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3
Q

When is a social identity formed?

A

When people perceive themselves as ‘us’ in contrast to ‘them’.

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4
Q

Name three examples of collective influence based on perceptions.

A

Social facilitation, social loafing and deindividuation.

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5
Q

Name three examples of social influence in interacting groups.

A

Group polarisation, groupthink and minority influence.

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6
Q

Define co-actors.

A

Co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity.

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7
Q

What is the original meaning of social facilitation?

A

The tendency of people to perform simple of well-learned tasks better when others are present.

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8
Q

What is the current meaning of social facilitation?

A

The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

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9
Q

Who discovered social facilitation?

A

Norman Triplett.

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10
Q

If social arousal facilitates dominant responses, it should:

A

Boost performance on easy tasks and hurt performance on difficult tasks.

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11
Q

Who found that arousal facilitates dominant responses?

A

Zajonc.

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12
Q

What did Zajonc discover?

A

Arousal facilitates dominant responses.

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13
Q

What autonomic system responses occur when others are present? (6)

A

Perspiration, faster breathing, muscle tension, higher blood pressure and faster heart rate.

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14
Q

The effect of the presence of others increases with what?

A

Their number.

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15
Q

What occurs when friendly people sit close in a crowd?

A

They are liked even more.

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16
Q

What occurs when unfriendly people sit close in a crowd?

A

They are disliked even more.

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17
Q

What does crowding do?

A

Enhance arousal.

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18
Q

Give three factors that explain why we are aroused in the presence of others.

A

Evaluation apprehension, distraction, and mere presence.

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19
Q

Who came up with evaluation apprehension?

A

Cottrell.

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20
Q

Explain evaluation apprehension.

A

Concern for how others are evaluating us.

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21
Q

What concept explains why people perform best when their co-actor is slightly superior?

A

Evaluation apprehension.

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22
Q

What underlying mechanism of evaluation apprehension did Sanders, Baron, and Moore find?

A

Arousal.

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23
Q

Explain how arousal underlies evaluation apprehension.

A

Conflict between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task overloads our cognitive system.

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24
Q

A good theory offers clear predictions that: (3)

A

Help confirm or modify the theory, guide new exploration, and suggest practical applications.

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25
Q

Define social loafing.

A

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

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26
Q

Explain free riders.

A

People who benefit from the group but give little in return.

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27
Q

When do people in groups loaf less? (3)

A

When the task is challenging, appealing or involving.

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28
Q

Define deindividuation.

A

Loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension which occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

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29
Q

Who coined deindividuation? (3)

A

Festinger, Pepitone and Newcomb.

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30
Q

Being anonymous makes people: (3)

A

Less self-conscious, more group-conscious and more responsive to cues present in the situation.

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31
Q

What is the opposite of deindividuation?

A

Self-awareness.

32
Q

Define group polarisation.

A

Discussion strengthens the average inclination of group members.

33
Q

What is the risky-shift phenomenon?

A

Group decisions are usually riskier.

34
Q

Who named group polarisation? (2)

A

Moscovici and Zavalloni.

35
Q

What is the accentuation effect?

A

Initial differences among groups become accentuated over time.

36
Q

Name three theories used to explain group polarisation.

A

Informational influence, normative influence, and referent informational influence.

37
Q

According to informational influence, why does polarisation occur?

A

Because shared information and views are more likely to be the focus of the conversation than novel information and views that only a few group members hold.

38
Q

What behaviour in discussions produces more attitude change than passive listening.

A

Active participation.

39
Q

Define social comparison.

A

Evaluating your opinions and abilities by comparing yourself with others.

40
Q

Define pluralistic ignorance.

A

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding.

41
Q

Who developed social comparison theory?

A

Festinger.

42
Q

Explain how normative influence leads to polarisation.

A

We want people to like us, so we express stronger opinions after discovering that others share our views.

43
Q

What is the key idea of referent informational influence?

A

Most of the time we learn information about what is real at the same time as we learn what other people think should be done about it.

44
Q

Define groupthink.

A

A way of thinking that people engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a group that it overrides realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

45
Q

Janis believes the the soil from which groupthink sprouts includes: (3)

A

A cohesive group, isolation from dissenting viewpoints, and a directive leader.

46
Q

Name eight symptoms of groupthink.

A

An illusion of invulnerability, unquestioned belief in the group’s morality, rationalisation, stereotyped view of opponent, conformity pressure, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, and mindguards.

47
Q

Which two groupthink symptoms lead the group to overestimate their might and right?

A

Illusion of invulnerability and unquestioned belief in the group’s morality.

48
Q

Explain the groupthink symptom of rationalisation.

A

The group discounts challenges by collectively justifying their decisions.

49
Q

Which two symptoms of groupthink demonstrate that the group is becoming close-minded?

A

Stereotyped view of opponent and rationalisation.

50
Q

Which four symptoms of groupthink demonstrate that the group is being pressured into uniformity?

A

Conformity pressure, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, and mindguards.

51
Q

Give Janis’ recommendations for preventing groupthink. (5)

A

Be impartial, encourage critical evaluation, occasionally subdivide the group, welcome critiques from outside experts and associates, and call a second-chance meeting before implementing.

52
Q

Brown and Paulus identified three ways to enhance group brainstorming:

A

Combine group and solitary brainstorming, have group members interact by writing, and incorporate electronic brainstorming.

53
Q

Is group brainstorming more productive when it precedes or follows solitary brainstorming?

A

When it precedes it.

54
Q

Moscovici identified several determinants of minority influence in groups: (4)

A

Consistency, self-confidence, commitment to the group and defection.

55
Q

What is the minority slowness effect?

A

A tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than people in the majority.

56
Q

What happens when there is dissent within a group? (3)

A

People take in more information, think about it in new ways and make better decisions.

57
Q

What is the intergroup sensitivity effect?

A

Ingroup members who criticise their groups tend to be received in a more open minded way that outsiders who make the same comments.

58
Q

Why does the intergroup sensitivity effect occur?

A

Ingroup members are more likely to be perceived as driven by genuine and constructive motives.

59
Q

When does the intergroup sensitivity effect disappear?

A

When the group is facing an external threat.

60
Q

When does a minority person become more persuasive within a group?

A

When they were originally part of the majority but dissented.

61
Q

Define leadership.

A

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

62
Q

Define task leadership.

A

Leadership that organises work, sets standards and focuses on goals.

63
Q

Define social leadership.

A

Leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support.

64
Q

What kind of leadership style do task leaders normally have?

A

Directive.

65
Q

What kind of leadership style do social leaders normally have?

A

Democratic.

66
Q

Define transformational leadership.

A

Leadership that, enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence.

67
Q

Who discovered the risky shift phenomenon?

A

Stoner.

68
Q

People in groups loaf less when their members are:

A

Friends.

69
Q

People in groups loaf less when they feel ___ or ___ to the group.

A

Identified or indispensable.

70
Q

Who developed groupthink?

A

Janis.

71
Q

What is production blocking?

A

A phenomenon that occurs in group discussions, where the individual loses their idea while waiting for a turn to speak.

72
Q

What does minority influence stimulate? (2)

A

Deeper processing of arguments and increased creativity.

73
Q

The social impact of any positions depends on the: (3)

A

Strength, immediacy and number of those who support it.

74
Q

How do newcomers to a group exert influence? (2)

A

The attention they receive and the group awareness they trigger.

75
Q

Give some characteristics of transformational leaders. (4)

A

Charismatic, self-confident, extraverted, and energetic.

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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