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C Bio > PROs in the ER (12) > Flashcards

PROs in the ER (12) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

location of ribosomes

A

free in cytoplasm

attached to the ER

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2
Q

what are the 3 movements of PROs?

A

remain in the cytoplasm

move to cellular compartments via the cytoplasm

enter the endomembrane sys

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3
Q

what type of PROs remain in the cytoplasm?

A

enzymes involved in glycolysis

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4
Q

integral PRO

A

integrated in the membrane, on both sides of the membrane

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5
Q

steps of transport of PROs through the endomembrane sys

A
  1. Enter the ER (stay here or move with vesicles)
    PROs reside in the lumen (space b/w ER) or are embedded in the membrane
  2. Move via transport vesicles (budding & fusing “carriers” b/w other compartments)
  3. To Golgi (may be processed & then go off to diff directions)
  4. Trans-Golgi network, then to:
    Lysosomes, or
    Storage vesicles, or
    Secretory vesicles & PM
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6
Q

what are the possible locations of PROs after passing through the Golgi?

A

lysosomes

storage vesicles

secretory vesicles & PM

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7
Q

structure of the ER

A

Network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of a cell; involved in the production of phospholipids

Encapsulates a space where PROs reside

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8
Q

RER

A

studded with ribosomes, continuous with nuclear envelope

Roughness enables the adherence of ribosomes
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9
Q

SER

A

no ribosomes; site of synthesis of specialized enzymes, functions

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10
Q

which ER is concentrated in specialized cells?

A

SER

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11
Q

Which ER is found in most cells?

A

RER

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12
Q

which ER is found in skeletal muscles?

A

SER

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13
Q

which ER is found in kidney tubules?

A

SER

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14
Q

which ER is found in endocrine glands?

A

SER

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15
Q

which ER is involved in the synthesis of the gonad & adrenal cortex?

A

SER

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16
Q

which ER is involved in the synthesis of the detoxification enzymes in the liver?

A

SER

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17
Q

which ER is found in glucose release from the liver?

A

SER

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18
Q

which ER is found in cells that release Ca2+ ions used in muscle contractions?

A

SER

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19
Q

which ER is found in cells of lipid biosynthesis?

A

SER

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20
Q

which ER is found in secretory vesicles?

A

RER & SER

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21
Q

which ER is found in lysosomes?

A

RER

22
Q

which ER is involved in synthesis of integral PROs?

A

RER

23
Q

which ER is involved in membrane biosynthesis?

A

RER

24
Q

which ER is responsible for glycosylation of PROs?

A

RER

25
Q

Every cell has plenty of _____ not every cell has an abundance of ______

A

RER

SER

26
Q

PRO Folding

A

PROs have a correct or “native” state; the tertiary structure of a PRO needs to be correct for it to work properly

Can be misfolded or denatured

27
Q

Molecular chaperones

A

PROs that bind to & alter the folding of newly forming PRO

28
Q

Quality Control

A

PROs that misfold cannot bind to chaperones properly & are destroyed

29
Q

what PRO is involved in assisting the bonding of disulfide bonds? & its location?

A

Disulfide isomerase

in the lumen of the ER

30
Q

What are the chemical modifications of PROs in the ER & Golgi?

A

disulfide bond formation & folding

addition of chemical grps

addition of lipids

formation of multimeric PROs

proteolytic cleavage

glycosylation

31
Q

What do glycoPROs include? & what is their role?

A

PROs destined for secretion

the extracellular matrix

endomembrane system

PM

enable identification

32
Q

what level of PRO structure is effected with the addition of extra chemical groups in the ER & Golgi?

A

tertiary

33
Q

what level of PRO structure is effected with the formation of multimeric PROs in the ER & Golgi?

A

quaternary

34
Q

RER is the site of synthesis of PROs destined for:

A

secretion

integral PROs & PROs within the lumen of the endomembrane sys

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vesicles & plant vacuoles

35
Q

PROs that are made in the cytoplasm, not the RER:

A

Cytosolic PROs

Peripheral PROS of the inner cell membrane
      PROs interacting with cell membrane, adhere to the inner lining of cell help giving the cell its cell structure

PROs sent to the nucleus

PROs destined for chloroplasts, mitochondria & peroxisomes
36
Q

what occurs after the signal sequence is synthesized?

A

PRO synthesis temporarily stop until the signal sequence is detected by a PRO complex on the RER

37
Q

How does a PRO enter the RER?

A

Translation occurs on the cytoplasmic ribosome/mRNA complex

During translation, a signal sequence is synthesized & will poke outside of the ribosome

The signal sequence is recognized by SRP which binds to the ribosome & signal sequence –> causes translation to stop until the ribosome is brought to the ER membrane

SRP guides the complex to the membrane to reach the RER receptor

Translocon binds to the ribosome causing a shift

Signal peptide is released for SRP & binds to the interior of the translocon
(Peptide release from SRP causes GTP –> GDP)

Translation resumes

Translated PRO is threaded through the RER lumen

Signal sequence removed by signal peptidase enzyme & the signal sequence is recycled

38
Q

Signal sequence

A

Directs PROs to the RER

is a sequence of hydrophobic AA usually at the N terminal

39
Q

when does translation resume when a PRO is entering the RER?

A

Signal peptide released from SRP along with GTP hydrolysis

40
Q

Polyribosomes

A

multi ribosomes on one mRNA –> increases the rate of translation

41
Q

what do PROs embedded in the RER lipid bilayer have that PROs destined for the lumen don’t have?

A

single transmembrane domain

42
Q

single transmembrane domain

A

a stretch of hydrophobic AAs that are embedded in the lipid bilayer

43
Q

how do PROs become embedded in the RER lipid bilayer?

A

with a single transmembrane domain

&

the translocon can open up to allow lateral movement, allows hydrophobic sequences to move into a hydrophobic envr

44
Q

What side of the membrane does an integral membrane’s positive AAs point? & how?

A

cytosolic side

positively charged AAs are aligned with negatively charged translocon

45
Q

What determines orientation of an integral PRO?

A

timing of which end of the PRO enters the translocon first

how the transmembrane sequences are orientated within the translocon

46
Q

start transfer & stop transfer sequences

A

alternating hydrophobic regions on a double pass transmembrane PRO

47
Q

hydrophobicity plot

A

scores each AA on how hydrophobic it is

predicts the number of transmembrane domains a multipass transmembrane PRO can have

48
Q

multipass transmembrane PRO

A

membrane PROs that pass through the membrane multiple times

contain multiple start & stop signals

49
Q

how are integral PROs classified?

A

number of transmembrane domains they have

50
Q

what are the roles of transmembrane PROs?

A

communication b/w cells (direct contact or with integral PROs)

communication b/w organelles & cytoplasm

ion transport

nutrient transport

connections for cytoskeleton

25% of cells PRO

C Bio (30 decks)

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