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C Bio > Cell Signalling II (20) > Flashcards

Cell Signalling II (20) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what 2 hormones are involved in promoting glycogen –> glucose?

A

glucagon

epinephrine

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2
Q

what needs to be inhibited during the glycogen –> glucose process?

A

glycogen synthase

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3
Q

glycogen synthase

A

makes glycogen

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4
Q

what do glucagon & epinephrine activate & how?

A

activate adenylyl cyclase

bind to diff GPCRs

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5
Q

steps in glycogen –> glucose

A
  1. Hormone binds to the receptor which binds to G PRO, G PRO splits apart so the alpha subunit can activate adenylyl cyclase
  2. Activation of the effector: Adenylyl cyclase leads to the formation of cAMP (2nd messenger)
  3. cAMP binds to PRO kinase A (PKA) & activates it by removing the inhibitory units
  4. PKA phosphorylates glycogen synthase, inactivating it
  5. At the same time, PKA phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase, activating it
  6. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates phosphorylase
  7. Phosphorylase catalyzes break down go glycogen glucose-1-phosphate
  8. At the same time, in the nucleus, PKA phosphorylates transcription factor: cyclic AMP response element binding PRO (CREB)
  9. Phosphorylated CREB dimerizes & binds to cAMP response element (CRE), turning on the PEPCK gene, gluconeogenesis increases
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6
Q

PKA structure

A

tetramer –>

2 regulatory subunits & 2 catalytic subunits

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7
Q

PKA function

A

Inactivates glycogen synthetase

Activates: CREB & phosphorylase kinase
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8
Q

where is adenylyl cyclase located?

A

in PM

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9
Q

steps in the termination of glycogen signaling

A
  1. cAMP AMP by phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  2. Phosphatases reverse the phosphorylation of:
    a. Phosphorylase kinase (inactivation)
    b. Glycogen synthase (activation)
    c. Phosphorylase (inactivation)
  3. Deactivation of adenylyl cyclase occurs when the alpha subunit of the G PRO hydrolyzes GTP –> GDP
  4. Desensitization (cell stops responding even if the ligand is present):
    a. Phosphorylation by G-PRO receptor kinase (GPRK) inactivates the receptor
    b. Phosphorylated receptor binds arrestin which binds to clathrin causing the receptors to be internalized by removing the receptor from the PM
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10
Q

phosphatidylinositol

A

GPCR-induced intracellular messengers that are made by the phosphorylation and hydrolysis of the membrane glycerophosphate

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11
Q

phospholipase C (PI-PLC) & produces what?

A

effector

phosphatidylinositol-specific

main production of lipid 2nd messengers

Produces: DAG & IP3

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12
Q

location of DAG

A

PM

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13
Q

location of IP3

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

how does epinephrine induce 2nd messengers?

A

Epinephrine activates phospholipase C by binding to a GPCR causing the G PRO to activate PLC, which activates:

IP3 –> goes to SER causing Ca2+ stores to be released, Ca2+ binds & activates PROS in the glucogenesis pathway

DAG –> activates PKC, opens Ca2+ channels activating enzymes for glucogenesis

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15
Q

steps of acetylcholine in muscle contractions

A
  1. Ach binds to GPCR
  2. PI-PLC is activated by GPRO
  3. PIP2 DAG + IP3
  4. DAG stimulates PKC which phosphorylates elements of actin/myosin promoting contraction
  5. IP3 binds to a receptor on the SER membrane, opening the channel allowing Ca2+ to move out
  6. Ca2+ concentration increases in the cytoplasm
  7. Muscle cell contracts
  8. IP3 & DAG are degraded + Ca2+ is pumped back into the SER
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16
Q

how vasopressin causes aquaporins to move

A

Vasopressin binds to GPCR

G PRO activates adenylyl cyclase –> cAMP

cAMP activates PKA

PKA induces movement of vesicles containing aquaporins

17
Q

steps of a GPCR’s role in odorant perception

A
  1. Odorant molecule binds to GPCR activates G PRO
  2. G-PRO stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC)
  3. cAMP opens calcium-sodium channels
  4. Membrane depolarization triggers an electrical signal in the sensory neuron
18
Q

electronic noses

A

layer of olfactory receptor PROS from animal noses on a microelectrode

19
Q

what is the role of GPCRs on sperm cells

A

GPCR indicates to the sperm the direction of the egg

20
Q

role of GPCRs in insects

A

detect sex-pheromone

female excretes it & male detects it

21
Q

GPCRs role in ants

A

ants leave trails of chemicals from their food source to lead their fellow ants to the food source

C Bio (30 decks)

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