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C Bio > Intro to macromolecules (2) > Flashcards

Intro to macromolecules (2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecules

A

huge, highly organized molecules –> structure & function in cell

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2
Q

which macromolecules are polymers?

A

DNA, NAs & Carbs

not lipids

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3
Q

polymers

A

composed of many low molecular wt building blocks (monomers)

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4
Q

lipids

A

small, diverse organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non polar organic liquids

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5
Q

describe the polarity of parts of a lipid

A

carbon chain - hydrophobic

carboxyl head - hydrophilic

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6
Q

micelle

A

arrangement of lipids in water

hydrophilic region points towards water
hydrophobic region points away form water

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7
Q

function of lipids

A 
source of E in diet 
store E in body 
some hormones (ex: steroids) 
vitamins 
structure of membranes (phospholipids )
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8
Q

What are the building blocks of phospholipids?

A

FAs

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9
Q

FA structure

A

unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl gap at one end

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10
Q

amphiphatic

A

hydrophilic & hydrophobic properties found within the same molecule

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11
Q

what form micelles?

A

FAs

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12
Q

what is a FAs role in milk?

A

micelles create white colour

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13
Q

what is the general formula of carbs?

A

(CH2O)n

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14
Q

monoscharrides

A

simple sugar, E & carbon source

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15
Q

polysaccharides

A

chains for monosaccharide units

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16
Q

what molecules are found in polysaccharides? & what is their role

A

glycogen
starch
cellulose

role: E storing

17
Q

glycogen

A

polysaccharide, E storing

found in animal cells (liver & muscle), branched

18
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide, E storing
found in plant cells
helix, mixed of branched & unbranched

19
Q

why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

cannot digest monomers , bonds differ from starch

20
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide, E storing

insoluble, rigid structural polymer

makes up cell walls –> enables growth in plants

21
Q

what is an ex of animals breaking down cellulose?

A

cows & termites have symbiotic bacteria & protozoa that digest cellulose

they contain cellulase

22
Q

what are the nucleotide units?

A 
nitrogenous base (1-2 ringed with N) 
pentose sugar (5 C sugar) 
phosphate grp --> connect sugars via backbone
23
Q

how do nucleotides attach?

A

through the sugar phosphate backbone

24
Q

what are the functions of nucleotides?

A

units that form DNA & RNA
2nd messengers in cell singling (ex: cAMP)
E transfer for metabolism by cleaving phosphate grps (ATP) or act as co-enzymes (NAD)

25
Q

co-enzyme

A

non PRO compounds needed for enzyme rxn

26
Q

NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

27
Q

what are the purines?

A

A & G

28
Q

what are the pyrimidines?

A

T & C

29
Q

what provides the diversity of PROs?

A

folding

30
Q

what are the functions of PROs? (9)

A

Enzymes PRO catalysts

Structural elements (ex: tubulin)

Contractile elements (ex: myosin motor PRO)

Control activity of genes, gene expression (ex: transcription factors)

Transport material across membranes (ex: glucose transporter, open & close channels)

carrier (ex: hemoglobin)

hormones (ex: insulin)

antibodies

31
Q

what are the classification of R grps?

A

polar uncharged
polar charged
non polar
R grps with unique properties

32
Q

What is the primary structure of PROs?

A

sequence of AAs

33
Q

What is the secondary structure of PROs?

A

beta sheets or alpha helices

34
Q

What is the teritary structure of PROs?

A

way regions of the secondary structure are oriented with respect to each other

result of side chain interactions

35
Q

What are the bonds that contribute to tertiary & quaternary structure?

A

H bonds
hydrophobic bonds (inside PRO)
ionic bonds
disulphide bonds

36
Q

disulphide bonds

A

covalent bond b/w cytosine

37
Q

What is the quaternary structure of PROs?

A

multimeric PROs contain several polypeptide chains

38
Q

what are the methods for determining tertiary & quaternary structure?

A

X-ray crystallography

nuclear magnetic resonance

39
Q

what are ways that a PRO’s structure determines its function?

A

Change in structure changes function

Cells routinely modify PRO structures to regulate activities

Mutations can damage function

A changed AA can alter a PRO’s ability to interact with other molecules

C Bio (30 decks)

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