Intro to macromolecules (2)

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

huge, highly organized molecules –> structure & function in cell

Question 2

which macromolecules are polymers?

Answer 2

DNA, NAs & Carbs

not lipids

Question 3

polymers

Answer 3

composed of many low molecular wt building blocks (monomers)

Question 4

lipids

Answer 4

small, diverse organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non polar organic liquids

Question 5

describe the polarity of parts of a lipid

Answer 5

carbon chain - hydrophobic

carboxyl head - hydrophilic

Question 6

micelle

Answer 6

arrangement of lipids in water

hydrophilic region points towards water
hydrophobic region points away form water

Question 7

function of lipids

Answer 7

source of E in diet 
store E in body 
some hormones (ex: steroids) 
vitamins 
structure of membranes (phospholipids )

Question 8

What are the building blocks of phospholipids?

Answer 8

FAs

Question 9

FA structure

Answer 9

unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl gap at one end

Question 10

amphiphatic

Answer 10

hydrophilic & hydrophobic properties found within the same molecule

Question 11

what form micelles?

Answer 11

FAs

Question 12

what is a FAs role in milk?

Answer 12

micelles create white colour

Question 13

what is the general formula of carbs?

Answer 13

(CH2O)n

Question 14

monoscharrides

Answer 14

simple sugar, E & carbon source

Question 15

polysaccharides

Answer 15

chains for monosaccharide units

Question 16

what molecules are found in polysaccharides? & what is their role

Answer 16

glycogen
starch
cellulose

role: E storing

Question 17

glycogen

Answer 17

polysaccharide, E storing

found in animal cells (liver & muscle), branched

Question 18

starch

Answer 18

polysaccharide, E storing
found in plant cells
helix, mixed of branched & unbranched

Question 19

why can’t humans digest cellulose?

Answer 19

cannot digest monomers , bonds differ from starch

Question 20

cellulose

Answer 20

polysaccharide, E storing

insoluble, rigid structural polymer

makes up cell walls –> enables growth in plants

Question 21

what is an ex of animals breaking down cellulose?

Answer 21

cows & termites have symbiotic bacteria & protozoa that digest cellulose

they contain cellulase

Question 22

what are the nucleotide units?

Answer 22

nitrogenous base (1-2 ringed with N) 
pentose sugar (5 C sugar) 
phosphate grp --> connect sugars via backbone

Question 23

how do nucleotides attach?

Answer 23

through the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 24

what are the functions of nucleotides?

Answer 24

units that form DNA & RNA
2nd messengers in cell singling (ex: cAMP)
E transfer for metabolism by cleaving phosphate grps (ATP) or act as co-enzymes (NAD)

Question 25

co-enzyme

Answer 25

non PRO compounds needed for enzyme rxn

Question 26

NAD

Answer 26

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 27

what are the purines?

Answer 27

A & G

Question 28

what are the pyrimidines?

Answer 28

T & C

Question 29

what provides the diversity of PROs?

Answer 29

folding

Question 30

what are the functions of PROs? (9)

Answer 30

Enzymes PRO catalysts Structural elements (ex: tubulin) Contractile elements (ex: myosin motor PRO) Control activity of genes, gene expression (ex: transcription factors) Transport material across membranes (ex: glucose transporter, open & close channels) carrier (ex: hemoglobin) hormones (ex: insulin) antibodies

Question 31

what are the classification of R grps?

Answer 31

polar uncharged polar charged non polar R grps with unique properties

Question 32

What is the primary structure of PROs?

Answer 32

sequence of AAs

Question 33

What is the secondary structure of PROs?

Answer 33

beta sheets or alpha helices

Question 34

What is the teritary structure of PROs?

Answer 34

way regions of the secondary structure are oriented with respect to each other result of side chain interactions

Question 35

What are the bonds that contribute to tertiary & quaternary structure?

Answer 35

H bonds hydrophobic bonds (inside PRO) ionic bonds disulphide bonds

Question 36

disulphide bonds

Answer 36

covalent bond b/w cytosine

Question 37

What is the quaternary structure of PROs?

Answer 37

multimeric PROs contain several polypeptide chains

Question 38

what are the methods for determining tertiary & quaternary structure?

Answer 38

X-ray crystallography | nuclear magnetic resonance

Question 39

what are ways that a PRO's structure determines its function?

Answer 39

Change in structure changes function Cells routinely modify PRO structures to regulate activities Mutations can damage function A changed AA can alter a PRO’s ability to interact with other molecules