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C Bio > Chromosomes (7) > Flashcards

Chromosomes (7) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dyads

A

during S phase chromosomes duplicate forming dyads

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2
Q

sister chromatids

A

attached duplicated chromosomes

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3
Q

ploidy

A

increase the number of sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

Diploid

A

number of chromosomes per somatic cell

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5
Q

Haploid

A

number of chromosomes in gametes

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6
Q

karyotype

A

complete set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism (image)

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7
Q

trisomy

A

one extra c’some

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8
Q

monosomy

A

missing 1 c’some

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9
Q

How does aneuploidy arise?

A

nondisjunction

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10
Q

translocations

A

movement to a new c’some

transfer of a piece of one c’some to a non homologous c’some

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11
Q

inversions

A

portion of c’some is flipped

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12
Q

deletions

A

section of DNA excised

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13
Q

insertion

A

section of DNA inserted

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14
Q

What are 4 results of breakage & repair in c’some ?

A

translocations
inversions
insertions
deletions

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15
Q

normal recombination

A

translocation of a homologous c’some

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16
Q

How do translocations cause changes in the phenotype?

A

breaking a gene –> gene is non-functional
moving a gene to a region where it can be controlled by another regulatory sequence
Creating a hybrid gene –> brand new gene, may contain selectable trait & thrive

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17
Q

How does translocation cause CML?

A

c’abl gene encodes a kinase that regulates cell proliferation during the cell cycle
translocation causes the cable gene to be moved to another gene’s promoter, the bcr promoter
this promoter causes the gene to be promoted constantly & leading to constant division

CANCER

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18
Q

what is an ex of a positive outcome of translocation?

A

apes –> 48 c’somes
humans –> 46 c’some

we share all of our c’somes except 2

telomere of the ape’s c’some is in the middle of 2 of our c’some (seen in banding techniques)

therefore, there was a fusion of 2 of the ape’s c’some leading the humans

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19
Q

centromeres

A

constricted portion of each c’some

DNA contains alpha satellite DNA

20
Q

alpha satellite DNA

A

made of non transcribed 171 base repetitive sequences

21
Q

what is the role of centromeres?

A

enables kinetochore attachment

attach to kinetochores during M phase

22
Q

telomeres

A

non coding regions at the ends of c’some

short repetitive sequences

include specialized PRO

form a capped end structure with a highly conserved sequence TTAGGG

23
Q

what are the functions of telomeres?

A

protect end of c’some from nucleases (deoxynuclease) by folding over

allow cells to distinguish c’some ends from broken DNA

prevent c’some from fusing with each other

attachment to the nuclear scaffold (centromeres & telomeres)

24
Q

What happens to telomeres in replication?

A

become progressively shorter

25
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that replicates DNA strands

26
Q

how do telomeres become shorter?

A

DNA pol requires a primer
builds 5’-3’
RNA primer is removed leaving a small overhang (on strand that’s not replicated)
overhang folds over protecting the strand from nucleases

27
Q

what dictates a cell’s life span?

A

the length of the telomeres

28
Q

what end of the DNA is left unreplicated?

A

3’ end

29
Q

cellular senscence

A

normal diploid cells seize to divide

30
Q

when is cellular senscence triggered?

A

when telomere are too short to persist any longer

31
Q

what type of cells have functional repair of telomeres?& what enzyme is involved?

A

stem cells & telomerase

32
Q

telomerase

A

RNA containing enzyme that adds more nucleotides to the 3’ end of the telomere strand

33
Q

What are the sets in telomerase repairment?

A
  1. telomerase binds to complementary sequence
  2. Nucleotides added to DNA 3’ terminus
  3. Telomerase slides over & its RNA binds to another complementary strand
  4. more nucleotides are added to DNA 3’ end
  5. other strand filled in using DNA pol
34
Q

what type of genes can reactivate their telomerase?

A

cancer

35
Q

Where is telomerase absent in ?

A

cultured cells from normal tissues

36
Q

where is telomerase present in?

A

tumor cells
one celled organisms
primordial germ cells
tissue stem cells

37
Q

what are the factors in cell aging? (4)

A

telomere shortening
accumulated errors
chromic risk exposures such as oxidants & UV
glycation

38
Q

Who is Dolly?

A

1st cloned mammal from an adult cell

took nucleus from an udder (somatic tissue) & transplanted it into a de-nucleated embryo

39
Q

What conditions did Dolly suffer from?

A

arthritis

premature aging

40
Q

how do shortened telomeres cause aging?

A

not anchored properly, c’some moves around not expressing properly

41
Q

why didn’t the de-nucleated embryonic cell restore the length of the telomeres in the 6 year old nucleus?

A

took away source of telomerasenexpression from the removed nucleus

42
Q

what are the types of DNA sequences?

A

highly repeated sequences
moderately repeated sequences
non repeated sequences

43
Q

highly repeated sequences

A

short sequences in clusters

mini-satellite & micro satellite (shorter that satellite)

44
Q

what sequences are used in DNA fingerprinting?

A

highly repeated sequences

45
Q

moderately repeated DNA

A

few copies to tens of thousands

some code for PROs needed in large quantities (ex: ribosomal PROs)

46
Q

non repeated DNA

A

encodes PROs, build cells etc.

20% of genome codes for PROS

C Bio (30 decks)

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