Properties of Water

Question 1

atom

Answer 1

smallest particle of an element

Question 2

element

Answer 2

composed of a single atom

Question 3

compound

Answer 3

contain two or more elements chemically bonded together

Question 4

molecule

Answer 4

combination of two or more atoms

Question 5

What is the kinetic particle theory

Answer 5

How particles (atoms and molecules) move in relation to each other & amount of energy (heat) within the system

Question 6

Molecular Makeup

of water

Answer 6

opposite charge (polar)
- oxygen is (-) slightly
- hydrogen is (+) slightly

Question 7

What type of bond between water molecules and explain

Answer 7

hyrdogen bonds (which are weaker)
- hyrodgen is slighlty positvly charged and oxygen is slighlty negativly charged (causes water to be polar)
- The attract the opposties on other water molecueles

these partial charges allow water to be a universal solvent

Question 8

What type of bonds within water molecules

Answer 8

Covalent bonds (very strong)
- share electrons between non-metal
- needs large amount of energy to break

Question 9

Density of water

Answer 9

as water cools, molecules move closer together and density decreases

Question 10

Structure of Ice

Answer 10

Lattice (crystalline) stucture
- floating ice works as an insulation blanjet and helps keep the water under warm

help of hydrogen bonds that helps keep it symetrical

Question 11

Advantages of water having a high heat capacity

Answer 11

• keeps the earth mild and allows oceans to hold heat
• without our earth would get extremly cold & extremly warm

Question 12

What princple does sea water ratios follow

Answer 12

• principle of constant proportions

Question 13

Ionic Bonds

Answer 13

when an ion loses an election
- postive charge is attracted new negative ion that gained its electron
- changes charge of the atom
- electrostic attraction causes ionic bond to form

Question 14

What is an Ion

Answer 14

atoms has gained or lost and electron from their outer shell and gives and electrical charge

Question 15

solids dissolve in seawater by

Answer 15

• weathering
• hydrothermal vents
• volcanoes
  the theory of constant porportions, polarty of water & ions found in salt allow for it to dissolve

Question 16

what makes up 98% of solutes in seawater

no gasses in this one

Answer 16

• sodium
• magnesium
• calcium
• potassium
  NaCl is main (sodium cloride)

Question 17

What salts and minerals are found in salt water

Answer 17

• sodium chloride NaCl
• calcium carbonate CaCO3
• magnesium sulfate MgSO4

Question 18

How is salinty dissolved measured

what is considered hypersaline

Answer 18

ppt
parts per thousand
Hypersaline is when ppt is >40%

Question 19

factors that affect solubilty

of salts

Answer 19

• temperture (higher better dissolution)
• percipation
• run-off
• evaportation

solubilty is extent that solute can dissolve in the solvent

Question 20

What is waters density dependent on

Answer 20

Temp and Salinty
(temp varies more so it controls most)

Question 21

What are the 3 most important dissolved gasses

Answer 21

• oxygen (O2)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Nirtrogen (N2)

Question 22

What affects the solubility of gasses in the water

Answer 22

• Water temp
• Atmospheric pressure
• Turbuelnce

Question 23

Charge on protons neutrons and electrons

Answer 23

protons (+)
neutrons (neutral)
electrons (-)

Question 24

how many electrons in each shell

Answer 24

1st - only 2 electrons (only hydrogen and helium)
1st and 3rd- 8 electrons

Question 25

what is the atomic number

Answer 25

number of protons in the nucleus (if the element is neutral then that is also the number of electrons)

Question 26

slight understanding of emergent properties

Answer 26

H and O are both gases at room temp but together H2O are a liquid at room temp

Question 27

explain how covalent bonds occur within water molecules

Answer 27

- oxygen atoms react with hyrogen atoms - Oxygen has 6 electrons and each hydrogen offers its one causing it to be balanced

Question 28

explain how ionic bonds occur

Answer 28

- both sodium (1) and chloride (7) have incomplete outer shells - sodiums single electron moves to chloride's outer shell - sodium postive chloride now negaitive

Question 29

property of water in relation to temperature

Answer 29

- specific heat capacity - allows water to be a temperature buffer and moderate climate

Question 30

examples of solutes found in seawater

Answer 30

- sodium chloride (dissolves better in warm) - carbon dioxide (dissolves better in cold) - oxygen (dissolves better in cold) - calcium carbonate (dissolves better in warm) | mixture is called a solution

Question 31

Factors that affect salinty levels

Answer 31

- Precipitation (can dilute) - run-off (dilute) can also bring pesticides and pollutants along with it - Melting glaciers (more freshwater) - evaportation levels ( removing water leaving salts behind)

Question 32

What is a factor that affects ocean pH levels to acidify

Answer 32

- increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Question 33

ways to measure pH levels

Answer 33

- pH probe - universal indicator - litmus indicator

Question 34

Factors affecting concentration of gases in seawater

Answer 34

- gas solubilty (CO2 easier then O2) - water temperature (colder better) - atmospheric pressure (better when higher pressure) - water pressure due to depth - salinity of seawater (better in lower levels of slainity) also high concentration is areas with turbulence and photosynthesis by producers.

Question 35

an adaptation of animals in the oxygen minimum layer

Answer 35

haemoglobin blood

Question 36

after passing th oxygen minimum layer explain why the DO conentration begins to increase with depth | DO= dissolved oxygen

Answer 36

- less respiration carried out - animals respire less - lower temps - increase pressure | it is located between 100m and 1000m

Question 37

Name of cline refering to density

Answer 37

pycnocline

Question 38

Name of cline refering to salinty

Answer 38

halocline the expection to saltier ocean athe the bottom is in tropical regions

Question 39

what factors can mix up and stir the clines

Answer 39

- strong winds - wave action - currents - storms - deep strong currents and mixing coming from shore winds